Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Baobab Trees and its conservation status
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
A recent study uncovers the origins and evolution of Baobabs, uniquely shaped trees in Madagascar, with species also native to Africa and Australia.
Do you know?
- Mandu, in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh, is perhaps the only place in India where baobab trees are found in abundance, with an estimated 1,000 trees in the periphery of the town.
- Madhya Pradesh state government has plans to apply for a GI (Geographical Indication) tag for the Khorasani Imli or the fruit of the baobab.
- A Baobab tree near the Golconda Fort in Andhra Pradesh is believed to be more than 400 years old.
- Aside from Mandu, baobab trees have been recorded in Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad) in Uttar Pradesh, Wai in Maharashtra, and some places in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
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About Baobab Trees
- Baobabs are deciduous trees (that lose their leaves in autumn) belonging to the genus Adansonia. It comprises 8 distinct species:
- Adansonia digitata in continental Africa.
- Adansonia gregorii in Northwestern Australia.
- 6 other species endemic to Madagascar.
- Baobabs are known for:
- Great heights, with some extending up to 50 metres.
- Exceptionally long lifespans, going up to 2,000 years.
- They have trunks with large circumferences; thin, spindly branches.
- Nicknamed “upside down” trees because their tops resemble uprooted plants turned upside down.
Conservation Status:
- ‘Threatened’ with extinction according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- ‘Least Concern’ category but still faces threats such as residential and commercial development and livestock farming and ranching.
Importance of Conservation:
- The study emphasized the conservation of the baobab as a keystone species:
- Keystone species provide essential resources, such as food or shelter, for a guild of animals.
- In return, these animals provide essential services, such as pollination or diaspore dispersal.
Why Baobab tree is called the “Mother of Forests”?
- They can store large amounts of fresh water in their extraordinary trunks.
- It also allows the baobab tree to produce nutritious fruits even during the driest years.
- This makes them true life savers during times when water is scarce.
- In local cultures, they are revered for multiple uses:
- Edible fruits and seeds.
- Seed oil used for cooking.
- Bark fibre used for clothing.
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PYQ:
[2021] “Leaf litter decomposes faster than in any other biome and as a result the soil surface is often almost bare. Apart from trees, the vegetation is largely composed of plant forms that reach up into the canopy vicariously, by climbing the trees or growing as epiphytes, rooted on the upper branches of trees.” This is the most likely description of-
(a) Coniferous forest
(b) Dry deciduous forest
(c) Mangrove forest
(d) Tropical rain forest |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Battle of Udagai, Reign of Raja Raja I (Rajaraja Chola) and his achievements
Why in the news?
- The southern part of India historically ruled by the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kings, was known for its great literature, art, culture, and temple architecture.
- It also witnessed fierce battles among these kingdoms led by Raja Raja I.
Who was Raja Raja I?
- His reign marked a golden era for the Chola Empire through extensive military conquests, administrative reforms, and cultural patronage.
- Ponniyin Selvan (The Son of Ponni) is a Tamil language historical fiction novel with the story of the early days of Prince Raja Raja I (also called Arulmozhivarman).
Here are detailed facts and key events from the reign of Raja Raja I:
Background and Ascension to the Throne:
- Full Name: Arulmozhivarman, popularly known as Raja Raja Chola I.
- Reign:
- He reigned from 985 AD to 1014 AD, taking the throne following the death of his father Sundara Chola.
- He was succeeded by Rajendra I.
Military Conquests:
Raja Raja I embarked on several military campaigns that significantly expanded the Chola Empire.
- He conquered parts of what is now Tamil Nadu, northern parts of Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, consolidating the Chola influence across the region.
- His most notable military achievement was the conquest of the ancient Chera capital of Mahodayapuram and the invasion of Sri Lanka, where he captured the northern half of the island.
- Nagapattinam Port was his major naval base.
- His success allowed his son Rajendra Chola to lead the Chola invasion of Srivijaya (Sumatra) and Kadaram (Malaysia).
Administrative Reforms:
- He streamlined the administrative structure of the empire with precise revenue collection and management systems.
- He implemented a well-organized provincial administration with efficient governance, dividing his empire into various provinces under the control of local governors.
Cultural Contributions and Temple Building:
Raja Raja I was a great patron of the arts and architecture. Under his reign, Chola architecture and Tamil literature flourished.
- Construction of the Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur (Dravidian style).
- Completed in 1010 AD
- He also supported the revival of Hinduism and promoted Shaivism, actively endowing temples and supporting the livelihood of the temple priests. He called himself ‘Shivapada Shekhara’.
- He also allowed for the flourishing of other religious practices for example Vaishnavism and Buddhism.
Trade and Diplomacy:
- His reign saw an increase in trade and diplomatic contacts with far-off kingdoms, including those in Southeast Asia.
- The Chola navy played a crucial role in protecting and enhancing trade routes in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
- To promote trade, Rajaraja sent the first Chola mission to China.
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About the Battle of Udagai/Udayagiri
- It occurred in 1003 CE between the Cholas and the Cheras at Udagai, now known as Udayagiri in Kalkulam taluk of Kanniyakumari district, during the reign of Raja Raja I, the greatest of Chola kings.
- It was the bloodiest war in medieval Indian history, where the Cholas plundered Udagai and returned to their headquarters in Thanjavur with tonnes of gold and the best elephants.
- The battle began with the conquest of Kanthalur Salai in the Chera Kingdom.
- The Chola army was led by Raja Raja’s son Rajendra.
Evidence from Epigraphy
- The Discovery of a Chola period epigraphy near Chengam suggests that Salai was an army training centre run by the Cheras.
- The training centre was a challenge to the Cholas.
- The battle marked the end of the relationship between the Cholas and the Cheras, which had been established through marriages.
Aftermath of the War
- The battles terminated the relationship between the Cholas and Cheras during the reign of Rajendra Chola.
- In 1004 CE, Raja Raja celebrated his birthday grandly in the Chera kingdom, renaming the village Muttam as Mummudi Chola Nalloor.
- He granted the temple at Thirunanthikarai for a seven-day celebration of his birthday.
- Subsequently, he returned to Thanjavur with gold, elephants, and cattle.
- Kamban Manian, a Chola general, brought a Shiva idol made of emerald to Thirupazhanam near Thanjavur, though it is no longer found there.
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following events in the history of India:
- Rise of Pratiharas under King Bhoja.
- Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman-I.
- Establishment of Chola power by Parantaka-I.
- Pala dynasty founded by Gopala.
What is the correct chronological order of the above events, starting from the earliest time?
(a) 2 – 1 – 4 – 3
(b) 3 – 1 – 4 – 2
(c) 2 – 4 – 1 – 3
(d) 3 – 4 – 1 – 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sperm Whales, Project CETI
Why in the news?
- A recent study has uncovered the intricate structure of their communication system, which appears to possess a “phonetic alphabet,” offering new insights into the depth of their social interactions.
- Sperm whales, the largest toothed whales, utilize a diverse array of vocalizations to communicate, including bursts of clicking noises known as ‘codas’.
About Sperm Whales (Physeter macrocephalus)).
- Sperm whales, the largest toothed whales
- It has a series of vertical creases or wrinkles on its body and a small, inconspicuous dorsal fin located near the rear of its back.
- The sperm whale uses ‘echolocation’ to navigate and locate prey during these deep dives.
- Prey: Sperm whales primarily feed on squid (including the giant squid) sharks and deep-sea fish.
- Habitat: Sperm whales are found in deep oceanic waters worldwide, from the equator to the edges of the pack ice in the Arctic and Antarctic.
- Behavior: Known for their exceptional diving capabilities, sperm whales can dive to depths of over 2,000 meters (6,560 feet) and stay submerged for up to 90 minutes. They are social animals, typically found in groups called ‘pods’, which can contain up to twenty individuals.
- Conservation Status: Listed as ‘VULNERABLE’ by the IUCN.
- Threats cause: Collisions with ships, entanglement in fishing gear, and noise pollution.
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Insights from the Study:
- Expressivity: The study, which utilized data from Project CETI demonstrated that sperm whale calls exhibit a broader range of expressivity than previously recognized, hinting at a nuanced mode of communication.
- Social Dynamics: Like all marine mammals, sperm whales rely heavily on vocalizations as an integral aspect of their social interactions.
- Contextual Analysis: The next phase of research aims to decipher the behavioural context surrounding sperm whale vocalizations, shedding light on their potential meanings.
About Project CETI (Cetacean Translation Initiative)
- Project CETI is a non-profit, interdisciplinary scientific and conservation initiative on a mission to listen to and translate the communication of sperm whales off the island of Dominica in the Eastern Caribbean.
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PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following animals
- Sea cow
- Sea horse
- Sea lion
Which of the above is/are mammal/mammals?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 300A, 44th Constitutional Amendment, Right to Property
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Supreme Court’s ruling safeguards landowners from arbitrary government acquisition, emphasizing adherence to Article 300A, ensuring the constitutional right to property and sub-rights compliance.
Procedural Sub-Rights under Right to Property
These seven rights are foundational components of a law that is in tune with Article 300A, and the absence of one of these or some of them would render the law susceptible to challenge:
- Right to Notice: Individuals must be informed about the intention to acquire their property.
- Right to Be Heard: Affected individuals have the right to voice objections.
- Right to a Reasoned Decision: The government must justify the acquisition with a reasoned decision.
- Public Purpose Justification: Acquisitions must serve a demonstrable public purpose.
- Right of Restitution or Fair Compensation: Landowners are entitled to fair compensation for their property.
- Right to An Efficient and Expeditious Process: Acquisition procedures should be efficient and adhere to set timelines.
- Right of Conclusion: The process concludes with the physical transfer of property; failure to take possession renders the acquisition incomplete.
Back2Basics: Right to Property in India
- The Right to Property was initially a fundamental right under the Constitution of India, included in Part III (Articles 19 and 31).
- Through the 44th Amendment Act of 1978, this right was removed from the list of fundamental rights. It was reclassified as a constitutional right under Article 300A.
About Article 300A:
- Article 300A was introduced to the Constitution, stating that “No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.”
- Legal Framework: This implies that the government can still acquire private property, but this acquisition must be done through a law that justifies the acquisition and provides for fair compensation to the affected parties.
Current Legal Status
- Not a Fundamental Right: The Right to Property is no longer a fundamental right, which means it cannot be directly enforced through the Supreme Court or High Court under Article 32 or Article 226. However, it remains a constitutional right.
- Protection under Law: Any person deprived of his property under any state enactment can approach a High Court challenging the legality of the act under Article 300A.
- Legal Recourse: Affected individuals have the right to legal recourse if they believe that the acquisition was not justified or that the compensation was inadequate.
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Recent Judgment: Human Rights
- Case Background: The judgment supported a Calcutta High Court decision that dismissed an appeal by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation regarding the acquisition of private land.
- Court’s Order: The Corporation was ordered to compensate with ₹5 lakh for costs within 60 days.
- Human Rights Perspective: The right to property is not only protected as a constitutional right but has also been recognized as a human right by a “Bench of Justices P.S. Narasimha and Aravind Kumar”.
Legal Interpretations and Clarifications
- Justice Narasimha clarified that the phrase ‘authority of law’ in Article 300A extends beyond the state’s power of eminent domain.
- It necessitates a proper legal framework for property acquisition.
- The ruling underscored that mere possession of eminent domain power and the provision of compensation do not justify compulsory acquisition if due processes are not followed.
PYQ:
[2021] What is the position of the Right to Property in India?
(a) Legal right available to citizens only
(b) Legal right available to any person
(c) Fundamental Right available to citizens only
(d) Neither Fundamental Right nor legal right |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AIFs and their regulation; Benefits offered.
Why in the News?
In response to tightening regulations impacting operations, the RBI has recommended that investments exceeding 50% of Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) units by a person resident outside India be treated as Indirect Foreign Investment.
BACK2BASICS:
What are Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)?
- An Alternative Investment Fund or AIF is any fund established or incorporated in India that is a privately pooled investment vehicle that collects funds from sophisticated investors, for investing by a defined investment policy for the benefit of its investors.
- AIFs are regulated by the SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India).
- As per the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012, an AIF can be set up as a trust, a company, a limited liability partnership, or a corporate body.
Who can invest in an AIF?
- Indian Residents, NRIs (Non-Resident of India), and foreign nationals are eligible to invest in these funds.
- Joint investors can also invest in AIF. They can be spouse, parents, or children of investors.
- The minimum investment amount for investors is Rs1 crore for investors. For directors, employees, and fund managers, this limit is Rs 25 lakh.
- Most AIFs come with a minimum lock-in period of three years.
- The maximum number of investors in every scheme is capped at 1,000. However, in the case of angel fund, the cap is 49.
Categories of an applicant who can seek registration as an AIF:
- Category I and II AIFs are required to be close-ended and have a minimum tenure of three years. Category III AIFs may be open-ended or close-ended.
Note: Investment by an Indian company (which is owned or controlled by foreigners) into another Indian entity is considered as Indirect Foreign Investment (IFI). It is also known as downstream investment. |
Present Regulatory Landscape:
- Regulatory Ambiguity: Recent regulatory notes have instilled mistrust in the industry, particularly regarding Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy surrounding AIFs, spooking investors and prompting reconsideration of fund deployment strategies.
- Changing Stance: The regulatory stance has evolved, with amendments in 2015-16 allowing AIFs to attract foreign capital through the automatic route, promoting onshore management and incentivizing Indian fund managers to relocate to India.
Offshore Alternatives:
- Reason for Offshoring: Offshore funds benefit from a more stable regulatory environment, with considerations for tax implications necessitating careful structuring.
- Attractive Destination: Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City) has emerged as an attractive alternative for managers due to regulatory stability, tax incentives, and proximity to India.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Foreign Direct Investment in India, which one of the following is considered its major characteristic?
(a) It is the investment through capital instruments essentially in a listed company.
(b) It is a largely non-debt-creating capital flow.
(c) It is the investment which involves debt-servicing.
(d) It is the investment foreign institutional investors make in Government securities. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Spices Board, CODEX, India’s Spice Trade
Why in the News?
- The Spices Board has proactively engaged with CODEX, the international food standards authority, to address the pressing issue of ethylene oxide (ETO) contamination in spices.
- This initiative follows recent recalls of certain branded spices exported from India to Hong Kong and Singapore due to concerns regarding ETO contamination.
- Concerns over spice quality have also been raised by countries like the US, New Zealand, and Australia, prompting ongoing evaluations of Indian Spice Imports.
Back2Basics: Spices Board of India
- The merger of the erstwhile Cardamom Board and Spices Export Promotion Council on 26th February 1987, under the Spices Board Act 1986 led to the formation of the Spice Board of India.
- The Board functions as an International link between the Indian exporters and the importers abroad with a Nodal Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
- Headquartered in Kochi, it has regional laboratories in Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Tuticorin, Kandla and Guntur.
- Main Functions:
- It promotes organic production, processing, and certification of spices.
- Responsible for the overall development of Cardamom.
- Focuses on post-harvest improvement programs for improving the quality of the 52 scheduled spices for export.
- These programs are included under the head ‘Export Oriented Production’.
About CODEX
-
- The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) is an inter-governmental food standards body established jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in May 1963.
- Objective: Protecting consumer’s health and ensuring fair practices in food trade.
- The Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) recognizes Codex standards, guidelines, and recommendations as reference standards.
- Members:
- Currently, the CAC has 189 Codex Members made up of 188 Member Countries and the EU.
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- India became a member in 1964.
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CODEX Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs
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- CODEX committee (CCSCH) was formed in 2013 with the support of more than a hundred countries with India as the host country and the Spices Board as the Secretariat for organizing the committee sessions.
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- To consult with other International Organisations for the standards development process in the spice market.
- To develop and expand worldwide standards.
- Since its inception, the CODEX Committee has been on a positive path in developing harmonized global standards for worldly herbs and spices.
India’s push for Permissible ETO Limits
- Advocacy for Limits: India has advocated for the establishment of limits for ETO usage, recognizing the variance in regulations across different countries.
- CODEX, thus far, has not prescribed any limit for ETO usage, and India has submitted a proposal for standardizing ETO testing protocols.
- Focus on Safety: While acknowledging the carcinogenic nature of ETO when used excessively, efforts to prevent contamination have been intensified.
- Notably, India’s sample failure rate in spices exports is less than 1% in major markets, underscoring the industry’s commitment to quality and safety standards.
Spice Market of India:
- Production:
- Major producing states: Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Assam, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
- The production of different spices has been growing rapidly over the last few years. During 2022-23, the export of spices from India stood at US$ 3.73 billion from US$ 3.46 billion in 2021-22.
- India produces about 75 of the 109 varieties which are listed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
- Major Produced and Exported Spices by India: Pepper, cardamom, chili, ginger, turmeric, coriander, cumin, celery, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, nutmeg & mace, curry powder, spice oils, and oleoresins.
- Out of these spices, chili, cumin, turmeric, ginger, and coriander make up about 76% of the total production.
- Export: In 2023-24, India’s spice exports totaled $4.25 billion, accounting for a 12% share of the global spice exports. (till February 2024 data).
- India exported spices and spice products to 159 destinations worldwide as of 2023-24. The top destinations among them were China, the USA, Bangladesh, the UAE, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the UK, and Sri Lanka. (which comprises more than 70% of the total exports).
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PYQ:
[2019] Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years?
(a) Spices
(b) Fresh fruits
(c) Pulses
(d) Vegetable oils |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NISAR and its features
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The ISRO Chief has confirmed that the NISAR Satellite would be able to monitor the Tectonic Movements of Earth with high precision with a centimeter accuracy.
- Originally planned for July, the NISAR launch may be delayed to October-November due to issues on the U.S. spacecraft side.
About NISAR Satellite:
- NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint satellite mission between NASA and ISRO.
- It would be a Low Earth Orbit observatory.
- This mission is aimed at enhancing our understanding of Earth’s natural processes and environmental changes.
Features of NISAR Satellite:
- L-band and S-band Radar Frequencies:
-
-
- NASA is responsible for the L-band radar, while ISRO provides the S-band radar.
- This dual-band capability allows the satellite to monitor and measure Earth’s surface with high precision in all weather conditions and throughout both day and night.
- Large Deployable Antenna:
-
-
- It is equipped with a large deployable antenna that measures 12 meters in diameter.
- This large antenna enhances the satellite’s ability to capture detailed radar images with high resolution.
- It will have a 39-foot stationary antenna reflector, made of a gold-plated wire mesh to focus radar signals emitted and received by the upward-facing feed on the instrument structure.
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- NISAR is designed to scan the entire Earth every 12 days.
- This rapid revisiting is crucial for observing and understanding temporal changes in the environment, such as shifting vegetation patterns, ice dynamics, and other critical parameters.
- Versatile Monitoring Capabilities:
-
- It will monitor Earth’s ecosystems and dynamics, including forest biomass, ice sheet collapses, and natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.
- Its radar system can penetrate vegetation and soil to provide three-dimensional reconstructions of structures and changes.
PYQ:
[2015] The term ‘IndARC’ sometimes seen in the news, is the name of?
(a) An indigenously developed radar system inducted into Indian Defence.
(b) India’s satellite to provide services to the countries of Indian Ocean Rim.
(c) A scientific establishment set up by India in Antarctic region.
(d) India’s underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mahi River and its tributaries; its source, catchment area; dams
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Incidences of people drowning down into the Mahi River have become more frequent.
About Mahi River
- The Mahi River originates in the Vindhya Range of Madhya Pradesh (hot semi-arid and watershed region), near Dhar.
- It flows northward through Madhya Pradesh before turning westward upon entering Rajasthan. It then moves southwest, passing through Gujarat, and eventually empties into the Arabian Sea.
- The river stretches for about 580 kilometers.
- Soil Type: The Mahi River Basin consists of Deep Black soil (southern region) and Alluvial soil (northern region).
- Major Tributaries: the Som, the Anas, the Panam, and the Goma.
- Major Dams: Kadana Dam and the Mahi Bajaj Sagar (Banswara) Dam are significant hydroelectric and irrigation projects on the Mahi River.
- Biodiversity: Supports diverse flora and fauna, including endangered species like the Indian Skimmer and Gharial.
Key Features:
- It is surrounded by the Aravalli Hills to the north and northwest, the Malwa Plateau to the east, the Vindhyas to the south, and the Gulf of Khambhat to the west.
- One of the most notable features of the Mahi River is its crossing of the Tropic of Cancer twice; once in Madhya Pradesh and again near the Gujarat-Rajasthan border.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta falls into Bay of Bengal at the border of India and Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
With inputs from: https://indiawris.gov.in/downloads/Mahi%20Basin.pdf
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eminent Personalities; Rabindranath Tagore;
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Conservation and Cultural Archives Division of Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) hosted an exhibition and lecture celebrating Rabindranath Tagore’s birth anniversary in New Delhi.
Tagore’s Journey to France
- Tagore had visited the battlefields of the First World War, highlighting his deep humanity.
- The narrative includes mentions of Alexandra David Neel, who recommended Tagore during his European tours, and Victoria Ocampo, who taught French to Tagore, enhancing his connection with French culture and intellectual society.
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About Rabindranath Tagore
|
Details |
| Birth and Early Life |
– Born on May 7, 1861, in Calcutta, India. |
| Literary Career |
– Published his first poems at age 16 under the pen-name ‘Bhanusimha’.
– Key works include “Gitanjali“, “Ghare-Baire“, “Gora“, and “Manasi“. |
| Music and Art |
– Composed over 2,000 songs known as ‘Rabindra Sangeet’.
– Our National Anthem was composed by him and it was first sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta Session of INC.
– Created more than 2,000 paintings, influenced by European expressionism. |
| Education |
– Founded Visva-Bharati University in 1921, integrating Eastern and Western philosophies. |
| Political Views |
– He is said to have given the title of ‘Mahatma’ to Mohandas
– Renounced his ‘Knighthood’ (awarded to him in 1915 by the British King George V) in 1919 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. |
| Cultural Influence |
– Wrote the National Anthems of India (“Jana Gana Mana”) and Bangladesh (“Amar Sonar Bangla”).
– Inspired the national anthem of Sri Lanka through a student. |
| Awards and Recognition |
– Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for “Gitanjali“, the first non-European to win.
– Awarded, and later renounced, a knighthood by British King George V in 1915. |
| Philosophical Contributions |
– Advocated for the incorporation of the best aspects of Western culture with Indian culture to achieve anti-colonialism. |
| Death |
– Passed away on August 7, 1941, in Calcutta. |
| Legacy |
– Revered as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kabiguru’, and ‘Biswakabi’. Highly influential in introducing Indian culture to the West and reshaping Bengali literature and music. |
| Additional Contributions |
– Advocated for ‘Unity in Diversity’ and ‘National Integration’.
– Spoke at the World Parliament of Religions, Chicago in 1929 and 1937.
– Modernized Bengali prose and poetry, remembered for songs like ‘Ekla Chalo Re’ and his environmental efforts at Santiniketan. |
About Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA)
- The IGNCA, New Delhi is a premier government-funded arts organisation in India.
- It is an autonomous institute under the Union Ministry of Culture.
- It was established on 19 November 1985 by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
- IGNCA is envisioned as a centre for the study and experience of arts in the field of:
- Creative literature – written and oral;
- Visual arts inclusive of architecture;
- Sculpture, painting and graphics to general material culture, photography and film; and
- Performing arts of music, dance and theatre.
PYQ:
[2019] Examine the linkages between the nineteenth century’s Indian Renaissance and the emergence of national identity.
[2021] Who among the following was associated as Secretary with Hindu Female School, later known as Bethune Female School?
(a) Annie Besant
(b) Debendranath Tagore
(c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(d) Sarojini Naidu |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Emerging Technologies; Deepfake Technology;
Why in the News?
During the General Elections 2024, the proliferation of AI-generated content (AIGC), including deepfake videos featuring prominent figures like Aamir Khan and Ranveer Singh, raised concerns about misinformation.
What is Deepfake Technology?
- It is a type of Artificial Intelligence used to create convincing images, audio and video hoaxes. Deepfakes often transform existing source content where one person is swapped for another.
- Creating such content involves a technique known as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), comprising Artificial Neural Networks.
Legal Safeguards in India:
- The regulations under the IT Act of 2000 and 2021 requires social media intermediaries to promptly remove deepfake content. Failure to do so may result in imprisonment or fines.
- Section 66D: It penalizes individuals for cheating through personation using communication devices or computer resources. (Imprisonment for up to 3 yrs and a fine of up to 1 lakh rupees)
- Rule 3(1)(b)(vii): This rule mandates that social media intermediaries prevent the hosting of content impersonating others.
- Rule 3(2)(b): This rule requires social media platforms to remove such content within 24 hours of receiving a complaint.
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Significance of Deepfake Technology:
- Promotes Right to Expression: Deepfakes amplify voices of marginalised individuals, enabling them to share important messages. Recently, a video was created to deliver the final message of a journalist killed by the Saudi government, calling for justice.
- Can contribute to the Education System: Online educators use deepfakes to bring historical figures to life for engaging lessons. For example, a video of Abraham Lincoln delivering his Gettysburg.
- Provides Autonomy: Deepfakes empower individuals to control their digital identity and explore new forms of self-expression. For instance, the Reface App.
- Provides a realistic experience: Artists leverage deepfakes for creative expression and collaboration, as seen in Salvador Dali’s interactive museum promotion. Deepfake tech enables realistic lip-syncing for actors speaking different languages, enhancing global accessibility and immersion in films.
- Renovating old memories: Deepfakes aid in restoring old photos, enhancing low-quality footage, and creating realistic training materials for public safety.
What are the limitations of Deepfake Technology?
- Spreading False Information: Deepfakes can purposefully spread misinformation, influencing public opinion or elections, like the videos of politicians/celebrities can manipulate viewers and create confusion about important issues.
- Frauds: Deepfake technology enables impersonation for financial frauds, tricking individuals into revealing sensitive information. They can also fuel harassment, especially targeting women, and lead to psychological distress.
- Accuracy: While no AI detector guarantees 100% accuracy, tools like Originality.ai boast a 99% true positive rate. Detection models report probability scores, allowing for nuanced assessments despite inherent uncertainties.
Future Scope:
- Adversarial AI: Keeping pace with evolving generative AI models poses a significant challenge for content detectors.
- Accessibility and Cost: With increased adoption and advancements, the accessibility and affordability of detection tools are expected to improve.
PYQ:
With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)
1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
3. Disease diagnosis
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Emerging Tecnologies; GPT-4o;
Why in the News?
- OpenAI has launched GPT-4o- a version of the GPT-4 model which powers its ChatGPT.
- It offers enhanced speed, intelligence, and efficiency across text, vision, and audio, revolutionizing human-to-machine interaction and opening up new possibilities for users worldwide.
About GPT-4o:
- GPT-4o offers GPT- 4 level intelligence with improved speed and efficiency, making human-to-machine interaction more natural and seamless.(focuses on emotional aspects)
- It integrates transcription, intelligence, and text-to-speech functionalities seamlessly, eliminating latency and enhancing voice mode capabilities.
Features of GPT-4o
- Free Access for All: Previously available only to paid users, GPT-4o now provides advanced tools to all users, unlocking over a million GPTs from the GPT store and expanding possibilities for developers.
- Multilingual and Vision Capabilities: GPT-4o supports over 50 languages and includes vision capabilities, enabling users to upload photos, documents, and access real-time information during conversations.
- Real-time Conversations: It is able to understand user emotions and provide emotive styles of conversation in real-time.
- Vision and Coding Support: GPT-4o can solve complex math problems, assist with coding queries, interpret complex charts, and analyze facial expressions in real-time.
- Translation and Efficiency: GPT-4o offers live real-time translation capabilities and is two times faster, 50% cheaper, and offers 5 times higher rate limits compared to GPT-4 Turbo.
PYQ:
[2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?
- Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
- Create meaningful short stories and songs
- Disease diagnosis
- Text-to-Speech Conversion
- Wireless transmission of electrical energy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Semal Trees and its habitat
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Despite its ecological importance, rampant harvesting of Semal Trees for bonfires poses a grave threat to their existence, undermining biodiversity and cultural heritage alike.
About Semal/ Silk Cotton Trees
- The Semal tree, scientifically known as Bombax ceiba, is a deciduous tropical tree.
- It is native to India, South-East Asia, and Northern Australia.
- It can grow up to 60 meters tall. It has a distinctive straight trunk, often with spiky thorns, and a wide, spreading canopy.
- It produces vivid red flowers that are large and attractive, making it quite conspicuous when in bloom.
- The fruit of the Semal tree is a capsule that contains several seeds surrounded by a fibrous, cotton-like substance which is wind-dispersed.
Commercial Uses
- The fibers extracted from the fruit, known as kapok, are used for stuffing pillows, mattresses, and life jackets due to their buoyancy and insulating properties.
- The wood is soft and is often used for making paper, while in rural areas, it is used as fuelwood and for making cheap furniture.
Ecological Significance
- Members of tribal communities consume the tree’s reddish root for food during the monsoons.
- Larvae of the moth Bucculatrix crateracma feed on its leaves.
- The golden-crowned sparrow weaves the lining of its nests with white cotton from its seeds.
Felling of a Semal Tree: Which laws are violated?
- Rajasthan Forest Act 1953: This act prohibits various activities in reserved forests without prior permission. Specifically, it bars any unauthorized person from felling, uprooting, damaging, or otherwise harming trees. Violating these prohibitions can lead to penalties including imprisonment, fines, or both, depending on the severity of the offence. Semal tree is not recorded in the state’s list of ‘rare, threatened, and endangered’ species. (Trees on this list enjoy priority conservation efforts.) (Indian Kanoon)
- Forest (Conservation) Act 1980: This act is more comprehensive at the national level and was enacted to provide for the conservation of forests and to regulate deforestation. It requires that any non-forest use of forest land must have prior approval from the Central Government. This includes clearances for felling trees, which are only granted under specific conditions that ensure the conservation and sustainable use of forest resources. (UNEPLawEnvAssistantPlat)
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PYQ:
[2015] In India, in which one of the following types of forests is teak a dominant tree species?
(a) Tropical moist deciduous forest
(b) Tropical rainforest
(c) Tropical thorn scrub forest
(d) Temperate forest with grasslands |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chabahar Port, Persian Gulf Mapping
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- India and Iran signed a 10-year agreement for the operation of the Chabahar port, marking a significant milestone in their cooperation.
Back2Basics: Chabahar Port
- The port is located in southeastern Iran in the Sistan-Baluchistan province, on the Gulf of Oman and at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz.
- It is called the “Golden Gate” to Central Asian land-locked countries of Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
- It serves as Iran’s only oceanic port and consists of two separate ports named Shahid Kalantari and Shahid Beheshti.
- It is only about 170 km west of the Gwadar port if Pakistan.
- The development of Chabahar port was initiated by India with a MoU in 2015 and executed in 2016 during PM Narendra Modi’s visit to Iran.
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About the Agreement
The contract, signed between Indian Ports Global Ltd. (IPGL) and Port and Maritime Organisation (PMO) of Iran, involves substantial investment and development initiatives.
- IPGL will invest approximately $120 million in equipping the Shahid-Behesti terminal, enhancing the port’s efficiency and capacity.
- India has extended a credit window of $250 million for mutually identified projects aimed at improving Chabahar-related infrastructure, emphasizing its commitment to regional development.
Strategic Importance of Chabahar Port to India
- Chabahar port will boost India’s access to Iran, the key gateway to the International North-South Transport Corridor that has sea, rail and road routes between India, Russia, Iran, Europe and Central Asia.
- Chabahar port will be beneficial to India in countering Chinese presence in the Arabian Sea which China is trying to ensure by helping Pakistan develop the Gwadar port.
- India can bypass Pakistan in transporting goods to Afghanistan.
Economic Significance
- Chabahar Port is at an important point on the Arabian Sea, with easy access from India’s west coast.
- Kandla port in Gujarat is the closest port at 550 nautical miles, while the distance between Chabahar and Mumbai is 786 nautical miles.
- Since 2019, the port has handled more than 80,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) of container traffic and more than 8 million tonnes of bulk and general cargo.
- The port also offers an alternative route from the Strait of Hormuz for cargo traffic between Central Asian countries and Afghanistan.
PYQ:
[2017] What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India?
(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.
(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.
(c) India will not depend on Pakistan to access Afghanistan and Central Asia.
(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the gas pipeline installation between Iraq and India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise SHakti and another bilateral exercise between India and France
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The 7th edition of the India-France Joint Military Exercise SHAKTI begins at Umroi, Meghalaya, signalling the start of a biennial training event aimed at enhancing bilateral military cooperation.
About Exercise Shakti
- Shakti Exercise is a joint military exercise between the armies of India and France.
- It is a biennial training event conducted alternatively in India and France
- It started in 2011, and since then, the armies of both countries have undertaken it to promote defence cooperation and interoperability.
- Objectives:
- To bolster joint military capabilities for multi-domain operations in a sub-conventional scenario under Chapter VII of the United Nations Mandate.
- To operate in semi-urban and mountainous terrain, focusing on achieving a high degree of physical fitness and refining tactical drills.
Major Defence Exercise between India and France:
- Garuda: It is the joint air exercise between the Indian Air Force and the French Air and Space Force.
- Varuna: It is the joint naval exercise between the Indian Navy and the French Navy.
- Desert Knight-21: It was a bilateral air exercise conducted by the Indian Air Force and the French Air and Space Force at Air Force Station Jodhpur from January 20-24, 2021. It was unique as it involved the fielding of Rafale aircraft by both sides.
- FRINJEX: It was the maiden joint military exercise between the Indian Army and the French Army conducted at Pangode Military Station, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala on March 7-8, 2023.
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Tap to read more about:
Various Defence Exercises in News
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MOW register, ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra, and Sahrdayāloka-Locana
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra and Sahrdayaloka-Locana have been included in ‘UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific regional register’.
About UNESCO’s ‘Memory of the World (MOW) Asia-Pacific regional register’
|
Details |
| History and Establishment |
Initiated in 1992 by UNESCO.
Asia-Pacific Regional Committee (MOWCAP) was set up in 1998. |
| Parent Organization |
Overseen by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). |
| Objective |
To safeguard, preserve, facilitate access to, and increase awareness of documentary heritage. Focuses specifically on the Asia-Pacific region. |
| Examples of Inscribed Items |
Includes items like Japan’s “Sugihara’s Visas for Life”, Australia’s “Mabo Case Manuscripts”, and Vietnam’s “Ba Chuc Massacre Archives”. |
| Impact and Outreach |
Supports preservation, digitization, accessibility of documents; provides grants and organizes workshops, meetings, and exhibitions to promote knowledge sharing. |
Reference
About the Texts
- Written by Tulsidas in the 16th century, the Ramcharitmanas is an epic poem in Awadhi, a dialect of Hindi, and is a retelling of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana.
- It narrates the life of Lord Rama, his virtues, the ideals of Dharma, and his reign during Ram Rajya.
- Hanuman Chalisa is a combination of 40 verses from the same epic.
- The Panchatantra is a collection of ancient Indian animal fables that dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE.
- Originally written in Sanskrit by Vishnu Sharma.
- Its stories are crafted as simple yet vibrant narratives that aim to impart practical life lessons through the interactions of anthropomorphized animals.
- The Sahrdayaloka-Locana is a Sanskrit treatise on poetics written by Jagannatha Paṇḍitaraja in the 17th century.
- It is considered one of the most important works of Sanskrit literary criticism.
- The text discusses the concept of “Sahrdaya“, which refers to a sensitive or discerning reader or critic.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to the cultural history of India, the memorising of chronicles, dynastic histories and epic tales was the profession of who among the following?
(a) Shramana
(b) Parivraajaka
(c) Agrahaarika
(d) Maagadha |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Himalayan Magpies
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Blue magpie species are frequently observed from Kashmir to Myanmar.
About Himalayan Magpies
- Magpies belong to the Corvidae family, which also includes crows, jays, and ravens.
- These birds are typically noisy and inquisitive, often featured as omens in folklore around the world.
- Species Distribution and Habitat:
- Gold-billed Magpie (Urocissa flavirostris): Also known as the yellow-billed blue magpie, this species inhabits high altitudes between 2,000 and 3,000 meters above sea level, thriving in the high-altitude zones of the Himalayas from Kashmir to Myanmar.
- Red-billed Magpie: Found at slightly lower altitudes than the gold-billed magpie.
- Blue Magpie: Occupies lower altitudes and is more likely to be found near human settlements. It builds nests in rhododendron trees.
- IUCN Status: ‘Least Concerned’
Observations:
- The best sightings of yellow and red-billed magpies are along a trekking corridor in Western Sikkim, which spans from tropical forests at lower altitudes to Alpine landscapes.
- Over 250 species of birds have been documented in this region, with significant bird activity around 2,500 meters.
PYQ:
[2014] If you walk through countryside, you are likely to see some birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects, disturbed by their movement through grasses.
Which of the following is/are such bird/birds?
- Painted Stork
- Common Myna
- Black-necked Crane
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: C. Elegans Worm
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Researchers at Princeton University found that Caenorhabditis elegans can inherit the ‘knowledge’ to avoid a disease-causing bacterium, Pseudomonas vranovensis, across several generations after initially consuming it.
C. Elegans: Breakthrough made in Scientific Research
- C. elegans can inherit the ‘knowledge’ to avoid a disease-causing bacterium, Pseudomonas vranovensis, across several generations after by consuming it.
- The study revealed that the worms ingested small RNA (sRNA) molecules from P. vranovensis, which then altered their feeding behaviour to avoid the bacteria.
- This sRNA interacts with the worm’s gene maco-1, affecting its neurological functions.
- These sRNAs are passed down to at least four subsequent generations, demonstrating a form of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
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About C. Elegans Worm
- C. elegans, or Caenorhabditis elegans, is a small, transparent nematode (roundworm) widely used in scientific research.
- It is about 1 mm in length, making it easy to study under a microscope.
- It has a simple body plan, which simplifies many types of biological research.
- C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its entire genome sequenced in 1998.
Key Features of C. Elegans Worm
- Short lifespan and quick regeneration: It has a short lifespan of about 2-3 weeks and develops from an egg to an adult in just 3-5 days. This allows for quick generation turnover and facilitates studies on genetics and developmental biology.
- Transparency: It allows researchers to easily observe its internal structures and developmental processes in real time.
- Genetic information: This has provided a wealth of genetic information and made it a powerful tool for genetic studies.
- Consistent Somatic Cell Count: Adult C. elegans have exactly 959 somatic cells, and their lineage has been fully mapped, providing a consistent model for studying cell development and death.
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following:
1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Virus
Which of the above can be cultured in artificial/synthetic medium?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Auroras and its types, Coronal Mass Ejections/ Solar Storm
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- In a rare event, the night sky over Hanle village in Ladakh was illuminated by the northern lights or aurora borealis.
- Concurrently, the southern lights, or aurora australis, were observed in New Zealand and Australia.
What are Auroras?
- Auroras are natural light displays that appear as bright, swirling curtains in the night sky.
- They are typically seen near the Poles but can occasionally be observed at lower latitudes.
- These lights can display a range of colors, including blue, red, yellow, green, and orange, due to the interaction of solar particles with different gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
- The phenomenon is known as:
- Aurora borealis in Northern Hemisphere and
- Aurora australis in Southern Hemisphere
What causes Auroras?
- Interaction with Earth’s Magnetic Field: As the solar wind approaches Earth, it interacts with the planet’s magnetic field, causing some charged particles to enter the atmosphere near the poles.
- Interaction with Gases: These particles interact with gases in the upper atmosphere, producing colourful flashes of light. Collision with oxygen produces green light, while interaction with nitrogen results in shades of blue and purple.
Reasons for Aurora in Ladakh:
- Intense Solar Activity: Auroras can extend to lower latitudes during periods of intense solar activity, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
- The CMEs are from the AR13664 region of the sun that has produced several high-energy solar flares
- Localized magnetic anomalies: Variations in Earth’s magnetic field could potentially influence the occurrence of auroras in specific areas, including regions at lower latitudes.
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Impact on Tech Infrastructure
- Auroras can pose challenges to space-dependent technologies and operations.
- Disruptions in Global Positioning Systems (GPS), radio communications, flight operations, power grids, and space exploration endeavors may occur during such events.
PYQ:
[2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?
- GPS and navigation systems could fail.
- Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
- Power grids could be damaged.
- Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
- Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
- Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
- Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over Polar Regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
(b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
(c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UN and its membership; Rights and privileges enjoyed by UN Member
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
India has voted in favour of a UN General Assembly resolution recommending Palestine’s admission as a full member of the United Nations.
Arab push for Palestine’s Membership
- The emergency special session was convened by the Arab Group, with the UAE presenting the resolution in support of Palestine’s full membership.
- The resolution calls for the Security Council to “reconsider” Palestine’s membership favourably, based on its determination that Palestine is qualified for UN membership.
- The resolution received overwhelming support, with 143 votes in favour, including India’s, nine against, and 25 abstentions.
- As an observer state, Palestine currently lacks voting rights in the General Assembly and cannot nominate candidates to UN organs.
India’s Stance on Palestine:
- In 1988, India recognized the State of Palestine.
- In 1996, India opened its Representative Office to the Palestine Authority in Gaza, later relocating it to Ramallah in 2003.
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About United Nations
|
Details |
| Background |
Resulted from the devastation of World War I and II
Highlighted the need for a more effective international body to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts. |
| Predecessor |
The League of Nations, created in 1919 after World War I, aimed at peacekeeping but failed during World War II. |
| The Atlantic Charter |
Issued in August 1941 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA) and Prime Minister Winston Churchill (UK), this document outlined principles for a post-war world and set the stage for the UN’s creation. |
| Naming |
The term “United Nations” was coined by President Roosevelt in 1941 to describe the allied nations opposed to the Axis powers. |
| Declaration by United Nations |
On January 1, 1942, representatives from 26 Allied nations, including India under British colonial rule, signed this declaration in Washington DC, formalizing their alliance and war objectives. |
| Official Formation |
UN was officially established on October 24, 1945, when its Charter was ratified by 51 member countries
It included 5 permanent Security Council members: France, Republic of China, Soviet Union, UK, and US. |
| First General Assembly |
The inaugural meeting of the UN General Assembly took place on January 10, 1946. |
| Core Goals |
- To maintain international peace and security.
- To foster friendly relations among nations.
- To cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights.
- To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends.
|
| India’s Role |
India was a founding member of the United Nations, having signed the initial Declaration alongside 25 other Allied nations during World War II. |
Rights and Privileges:
- The rights and privileges of member states in the United Nations are designed to ensure that all members can effectively participate in the organization’s activities and benefit from its resources.
PYQ:
[2022] With reference to the “United Nations Credentials Committee”, consider the following statements:
- It is a committee set up by the UN Security Council and works under its supervision.
- It traditionally meets in March, June and September every year
- It assesses the credentials of all UN members before submitting a report to the General Assembly for approval.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 3 only
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bail and its legal provisions
Why in the news?
The Supreme Court has granted interim bail to Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal in the liquor policy case till to campaign for the Lok Sabha elections.
What is Interim Bail?
- Interim bail in India is a temporary release granted to an accused person from custody under Section 439 Cr.
- It can be granted to address urgent matters such as medical emergencies, family crises, or other significant personal issues.
Legal Provisions for Interim Bail
Interim bail in India is NOT explicitly defined under a specific statute but is derived from the discretionary powers granted to courts under various legal provisions.
The most relevant laws and principles include:
- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC): While the CrPC does not explicitly mention “interim bail,” it provides the framework for granting bail in general. Sections like 437 (bail in non-bailable cases by Magistrate), 438 (anticipatory bail), and 439 (special powers of High Court or Court of Session regarding bail) are used by courts to grant bail, including interim bail, based on judicial discretion.
- Constitutional Provisions: The Constitution of India under Article 21, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, is often interpreted to include the right to bail as part of the fair and just legal process.
Back2Basics: What is Bail?
- Bail is the conditional release of a defendant with the promise to appear in court when required.
- The term also means the security that is deposited in order to secure the release of the accused.
- In India’s legal world, the term offense has been categorized as bailable offenses and non-bailable under the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Why need Bail?
- Bail is a fundamental aspect of any criminal justice system.
- A person can defend himself/herself better when he/she is free, thus ensuring free trial.
- The practice of bail grew out of the need to safeguard the fundamental right to liberty.
- Liberty is the right of one whose guilt has not yet been proven.
Types of Bail in India
- Depending upon the sage of the criminal matter, there are commonly three types of bail in India:
- Regular Bail: Granted to a person who has already been arrested and is in custody. This type of bail is provided under Sections 437 and 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC). It allows the accused to be released from custody while the trial is ongoing.
- Anticipatory Bail: Under Section 438 of the CrPC, anticipatory bail is a pre-arrest legal process. It is granted when a person apprehends arrest on an accusation of having committed a non-bailable offence. This type of bail ensures that the accused will be released on bail in the event they are arrested.
- Interim Bail: This is temporary bail granted for a short period. Interim bail is often granted to allow the accused some relief until a final decision on their regular or anticipatory bail plea is made.
Conditions for Grant of Bail in Bailable Offences
- Section 436 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, lays down that a person accused of a bailable offense under IPC can be granted bail if:
- There are sufficient reasons to believe that the accused has not committed the offence.
- There is sufficient reason to conduct a further inquiry in the matter.
- The person is not accused of any offence punishable with death, life imprisonment or imprisonment up to 10 years.
Conditions for Grant of Bail in Non-Bailable Offences
- Section 437 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 lays down that the accused does not have the right to apply for bail in non-bailable offences.
- It is discretion of the court to grant bail in case of non-bailable offences if:
- The accused is a woman or a child, bail can be granted in a non-bailable offence.
- There is a lack of evidence then bail in non-Bailable offenses can be granted.
- There is a delay in lodging FIR by the complainant, bail may be granted.
- The accused is gravely sick.
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PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements :
1. Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in police station, not in jail.
2. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
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