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24th September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Geography: Give a geographical explanation of the distribution of off-shore oil reserves of the world. How are they different from the on-shore occurrences of oil reserves? (15 Marks)

Smash 2025 Basic test 04 Q20. Discuss the location of various petroleum crude resources in India and the world. What are some steps taken by the government to make India self-sufficient in supply of petroleum crude. Have they been successful? PYQ Q. It is said the India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas,… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Geography: Give a geographical explanation of the distribution of off-shore oil reserves of the world. How are they different from the on-shore occurrences of oil reserves? (15 Marks)

23rd September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Explain briefly the ecological and economic benefits of solar energy generation in India with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

Smash 2025 FLT 07 Q5. India has significant potential to lead the global renewable energy transition. Discuss the major opportunities and barriers in scaling up renewable energy infrastructure in India. PYQQ. India has immense potential of solar energy though there are regional variations in its development. Elaborate. (2020) India, being a tropical country with 300… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Explain briefly the ecological and economic benefits of solar energy generation in India with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

22nd September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are non-farm primary activities? How are these activities related to physiographic features in India? Discuss with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

Smash 2025 FLT 11Q5. Evaluate the impact of PM Matsya Sampada Yojana in transforming India’s fisheries sector. What more needs to be done to ensure sustainability and inclusiveness? Smash 2025 Adv Test 07 Q10. Despite being the largest milk producer, India faces a growing demand-supply gap in the dairy sector. Identify the reasons behind this… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are non-farm primary activities? How are these activities related to physiographic features in India? Discuss with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

21st September

20th September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Discuss how the changes in shape and sizes of continents and ocean basins of the planet take place due to tectonic movements of the crustal masses. (15 M)

Smash 2025 FLT 07Q15. How far can the theory of plate tectonics be used to explain the origin and distribution of major geological features across the Earth’s surface? PYQQ. Why are the world’s fold mountain systems located along the margins of continents? Bring out the association between the global distribution of Fold Mountains and the… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Discuss how the changes in shape and sizes of continents and ocean basins of the planet take place due to tectonic movements of the crustal masses. (15 M)

19th September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are Tsunamis? How and where are they formed? What are their consequences? Explain with examples. (10 Marks)

The word Tsunami comes from Japanese — tsu (harbor) and nami (wave). It is a series of large ocean waves caused by sudden displacement of a large volume of water. Key Characteristics of Tsunamis Causes of Tsunami Generation: Where They Form: Consequences of Tsunamis While tsunamis cannot be prevented, their catastrophic impact can be minimized… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are Tsunamis? How and where are they formed? What are their consequences? Explain with examples. (10 Marks)

18th September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Trace India’s consolidation process during the early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education and international relations. (15 Marks)

Smash 2025 Adv Test 10 Q14. Elaborate on the dual contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in integrating princely states and laying the foundation of a strong administrative framework. PYQ Q. Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (2021) “A nation is not made overnight but is… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Trace India’s consolidation process during the early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education and international relations. (15 Marks)

17th September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] How are climate change and sea level rise affecting the very existence of many island nations? Discuss with examples. (10 Marks)

Smash 2025 FLT 09 Q7. Discuss the geological processes involved in the formation of different types of islands. How does global warming threaten the islands across the world? PYQ. Explain the formation of thousands of islands in Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos. (2014) Samachar Manthan: Article name: United Nations World Water Development Report, 2025Source: Samachar Manthan March… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] How are climate change and sea level rise affecting the very existence of many island nations? Discuss with examples. (10 Marks)

16th September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Q6. The French Revolution has enduring relevance to the contemporary world. Explain. (10 Marks)

Smash 2025 Adv Test 10Q.8 Analyse the role of Enlightenment ideas in shaping the course of the French and American Revolutions. PYQQ. Explain how the foundations of the modern world were laid by the American and French revolution. (2019) The French Revolution of 1789 was a turning point in world history. What began as a… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Q6. The French Revolution has enduring relevance to the contemporary world. Explain. (10 Marks)

15th September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Q5. Trace India’s consolidation process during the early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education and international relations.

Smash 2025 Adv test 10Q14. Elaborate on the dual contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in integrating princely states and laying the foundation of a strong administrative framework. PYQ. Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (2021) “A nation is not made overnight but is built brick… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Q5. Trace India’s consolidation process during the early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education and international relations.

13th September

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Q4. Mahatma Joti Rao Phule’s writings and efforts of social reforms touched issues of almost all subaltern classes. Discuss.

Based on SAMACHAR MANTHAN:Article name: Who was Mahatma Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890)?Source: April 12, 2025Details: – 199th birth anniversary celebrations were marked by PM’s tweet.  – ‘Phule’ movie with leading starcasts portrayed caste discrimination, which promoted divisions and sparked debate in Maharashtra. Submit your answers, and we will have them evaluated for you! Mahatma Jotirao Phule (1827–1890), a… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Q4. Mahatma Joti Rao Phule’s writings and efforts of social reforms touched issues of almost all subaltern classes. Discuss.

12th September

[UPSC Mains 2025 Discussion] Arts and Culture: ‘The sculptors filled the Chandella artform with resilient vigor and breadth of life.’ Elucidate.

Chandella rulers (9th–13th century CE) of Bundelkhand, with Khajuraho as their capital, created a “world in stone” through sculptures marked by energy, realism, and beauty. Resilient vigor and breadth of life in the Chandella artform Chandella artists created a universe in stone, best described by Banabhatta’s phrase “Darsit Visvarupa” – the vision of the cosmic… Continue reading [UPSC Mains 2025 Discussion] Arts and Culture: ‘The sculptors filled the Chandella artform with resilient vigor and breadth of life.’ Elucidate.

11th September

[UPSC Mains 2025 Discussion] Arts and Culture: Examine the main aspects of Akbar’s religious syncretism.

Smash 2024 Sectional test 6Q18.“In medieval Indian history Akbar was unique for his religio-political ideas and policies.” Analyze this statement. Emperor Akbar (1556–1605) stands out in Indian history as a ruler who sought not merely political conquest but spiritual integration of a diverse society. As his court historian Abul Fazl wrote in the Ain-i-Akbari, “The… Continue reading [UPSC Mains 2025 Discussion] Arts and Culture: Examine the main aspects of Akbar’s religious syncretism.

10th September

[UPSC Mains 2025 Discussion] Art and Culture: Discuss the salient features of the Harappan architecture. 

Smash Mains 2025 Q1. In what ways does Harappan art and architecture reflect both utilitarian functionality and aesthetic sensibilities? (FLT 3) PYQ Q. To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provided inputs to the present day urbanization? Discuss. (2014) Samachar Manthan: Article name: Rewriting the Keezhadi (Keeladi) Excavations… Continue reading [UPSC Mains 2025 Discussion] Art and Culture: Discuss the salient features of the Harappan architecture. 

9th September

8th September

SCO: Does India needs to rethink its regional policy?

N4S UPSC usually picks such topics when bilateral tensions affect the functioning of multilateral forums. The 2023 question on SCO shows how UPSC links current diplomatic flashpoints with deeper strategic issues. It doesn’t just ask “What happened?” but wants to know “What does it say about India’s foreign policy?” Aspirants often falter here in two… Continue reading SCO: Does India needs to rethink its regional policy?

6th September

Autonomous Weapons: Changing Geometrics of Battlefield ?

N4S India’s embrace of autonomous weapons marks a strategic leap in modern warfare, but it risks outpacing accountability and global norms. UPSC often asks internal security questions rooted in emerging threats – like the 2023 drone question-but aspirants often reduce drones to mere gadgets, missing deeper themes like AI warfare, border management, and strategic autonomy.… Continue reading Autonomous Weapons: Changing Geometrics of Battlefield ?

4th September

Breaking the Chain : How India Can Cut Its Import Reliance on Rare Earths ?

N4S:  Rare earths and critical minerals are crucial for India’s clean energy, defence, and economic future.  UPSC often frames broad questions – like on energy security or sustainable development and asks aspirants to link them with India’s raw material needs, as seen in the 2013 PYQ on atomic energy. But many stop at listing reserves… Continue reading Breaking the Chain : How India Can Cut Its Import Reliance on Rare Earths ?

3rd September

Poverty Line Revision: Impact on Perception and Policy Targeting in India

N4S India’s poverty story is no longer about how little people earn but about how we measure, interpret, and respond to deprivation.  UPSC often asks sharp, layered questions on poverty-how it’s measured and how well welfare schemes work. The 2015 question on urban vs. rural poverty indicators is a case in point, demanding both data… Continue reading Poverty Line Revision: Impact on Perception and Policy Targeting in India
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