Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Dosti
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Indian and Sri Lankan coast guard ships recently arrived in the Maldives to participate in the trilateral coast guard exercise Dosti 16.
Exercise Dosti
- Trilateral Collaboration: Dosti is a trilateral coast guard exercise involving India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.
- Biennial Event: Conducted biennially, the exercise serves as a platform for enhancing cooperation and interoperability among participating nations.
- Inception: Initiated in 1991 between the Indian and Maldives Coast Guards, with Sri Lanka joining in 2012.
- Previous Editions: The exercise, last held in 2021, focuses on various maritime scenarios, including search and rescue operations and pollution response.
Objectives and Focus Areas
- Enhancing Friendship: Dosti aims to strengthen the bonds of friendship and mutual trust among the coast guards of participating nations.
- Operational Capability: The exercise emphasizes enhancing operational capability and interoperability through joint drills and exercises.
- Maritime Safety: Exercises and drills focus on providing assistance during sea accidents, combating sea pollution, and addressing challenges like oil spills.
Dosti 16: Current Edition
- Edition Details: Dosti 16 marks the 16th edition of the exercise, continuing the tradition of fostering maritime cooperation.
- Participating Forces: The coast guards of India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, along with observers from Bangladesh, are actively participating.
- Indian Contribution: India’s participation includes vessels like ICGS Samarth (with integral helo), ICGS Abhinav, and ICG Dornier, showcasing its commitment to regional maritime security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Education Policy (NEP)
Mains level: benefits and challenges of open-book exams
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gross Domestic Product
Mains level: critique of the prevailing GDP-centric approach to economic development
Central Idea:
The central idea of the article is that traditional measures of economic growth, like GDP, are inadequate indicators of a nation’s well-being and development. Instead, the focus should shift towards inclusive and sustainable growth that prioritizes the welfare of citizens, particularly in countries like India where economic progress has not translated into improved living standards for all.
Key Highlights:
- Critique of GDP-centric approach: The article highlights the limitations of relying solely on GDP growth as a measure of economic health, pointing out that it doesn’t necessarily lead to increased income or well-being for citizens.
- Inequality and inequitable growth: Despite impressive GDP growth, India remains one of the most unequal countries in the world, indicating that the benefits of growth are not evenly distributed among its citizens.
- Need for a new paradigm: The article argues for a shift towards inclusive and environmentally sustainable development models, especially in the face of global challenges like climate change.
- Dependency on fossil fuels: The reliance on fossil fuels for essential materials like steel, concrete, plastics, and food production is highlighted, along with the challenges of transitioning away from them.
- Importance of local solutions: Emphasizing the significance of community-driven, local solutions, the article suggests that India should leverage its unique strengths rather than blindly following Western development models.
Key Challenges:
- Overcoming entrenched economic paradigms: Shifting away from GDP-centric models towards more inclusive and sustainable development approaches requires challenging existing economic frameworks and ideologies.
- Addressing inequality: Tackling the deep-rooted inequalities in India’s economy presents a significant challenge, especially given the historical focus on GDP growth.
- Transitioning from fossil fuels: Moving away from fossil fuel dependency poses technological, economic, and social challenges, particularly in sectors like agriculture and transportation.
- Balancing urbanization and rural development: Reconciling the push for urbanization with the need for rural development and sustainable agriculture presents complex policy dilemmas.
- Overcoming resistance to change: Convincing policymakers and society at large to embrace alternative development paradigms may face resistance from entrenched interests and ideologies.
Main Terms:
- GDP: Gross Domestic Product, a measure of the total value of goods and services produced within a country’s borders.
- Inclusive growth: Economic growth that benefits all segments of society, particularly the marginalized and vulnerable.
- Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Fossil fuels: Non-renewable energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
- Urbanization: The process of population concentration in urban areas, often accompanied by industrialization and economic development.
Important Phrases:
- “Increase the size of the pie before its redistribution”: Reflects the emphasis on GDP growth over equitable distribution of wealth.
- “One path for all”: Criticizes the uniform approach to development that privileges industrialization and urbanization over other forms of progress.
- “Gandhian solution”: Refers to community-driven, localized approaches to development advocated by Mahatma Gandhi.
- “Rural Bharat”: Signifies the rural heartland of India, highlighting the importance of rural communities in the country’s development.
Quotes:
- “More GDP does not improve the well-being of citizens if it does not put more income in their pockets.”
- “India must find a new paradigm of progress, for itself and for the world, for more inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth.”
- “The time has come to go back to old solutions to go to the future.”
Useful Statements:
- “Critics argue that GDP growth alone does not necessarily lead to improved living standards for citizens, particularly in countries like India where inequality persists.”
- “Transitioning away from fossil fuels presents significant challenges, but it is essential for addressing climate change and ensuring long-term sustainability.”
- “Local, community-driven solutions have the potential to address global challenges like climate change and inequitable economic growth.”
Examples and References:
- The article cites India’s experience of impressive GDP growth alongside persistent inequality as evidence of the limitations of traditional development models.
- Reference is made to the work of Vaclav Smil on the role of fossil fuels in modern economies, providing a scientific basis for understanding the challenges of transitioning to renewable energy sources.
Facts and Data:
- India’s GDP grew at 7.2% per year during both the United Progressive Alliance and National Democratic Alliance governments, yet structural conditions leading to inequitable growth remained unchanged.
- Sixty-four per cent of Indian citizens live in rural areas, highlighting the importance of rural development in India’s economic and social progress.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a compelling critique of the prevailing GDP-centric approach to economic development, highlighting its failure to address inequality and environmental concerns. By advocating for inclusive and sustainable growth models, the article offers a nuanced perspective on the challenges facing countries like India in the 21st century. However, it could benefit from further exploration of specific policy recommendations and case studies demonstrating successful alternative development strategies.
Way Forward:
- Embrace inclusive and sustainable development models that prioritize the well-being of all citizens.
- Invest in renewable energy sources and sustainable agriculture to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.
- Empower local communities to drive development initiatives tailored to their unique needs and challenges.
- Reform economic policies to prioritize equitable distribution of wealth and opportunities.
- Foster international cooperation to address global challenges like climate change and inequality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: importance of the human element in military operations
Why in the News?
While initial feedback on the scheme is positive, there are challenges in integrating these recruits into military units, particularly regarding unit cohesion and psychological assimilation.
About Agniveer Scheme:
Aim: As a reform in Indian defense policy, it aims to recruit and retain young men and women in the armed forces through a short-service manpower model.
Key Highlights of the Scheme:
- Introduction of the Agnipath scheme to reform defense recruitment.
- Focus on a short-service manpower model with the potential for retention.
- Significant unit cohesion and psychological assimilation for effective combat readiness.
- Emphasizes on the enduring significance of the human element in warfare despite technological advancements.
Key Challenges:
- Ensuring seamless integration of Agniveers into military units.
- Nurturing unit cohesion and camaraderie among recruits.
- Addressing potential issues of competition and one-upmanship among Agniveers.
- Managing the psychological well-being and personality traits of recruits.
- Lack of a formal psychology test in the recruitment process.
Main Terms:
- Agnipath scheme: Indian defense policy reform for recruitment and retention.
- Agniveers: Young men and women recruited under the Agnipath scheme.
- Unit cohesion: The bond and teamwork within military units.
- Combat readiness: Preparedness of military units for combat situations.
- Human element: Importance of individual soldiers’ character and relationships in warfare.
Important Phrases:
- “Agniveers into the milieu of military units”
- “unit pride flows out of unit cohesion”
- “technology-based counter-measures”
- “focus on the human element”
- “psychological assimilation”
Quotes:
- “I hold it to be one of the simplest truths of war that the thing which enables a soldier to keep going with his weapon is the near presence or the presumed presence of a comrade.” – S.L.A. Marshall
Anecdotes:
- Reference to Russia-Ukraine conflict and Israel-Hamas conflict to highlight the enduring significance of the human element in warfare.
Useful Statements:
- “Irrespective of technological advancements in the realm of warfare, the character of a soldier to stand by his flanking mate can never be undermined.”
- “The onerous challenge would be to arrest any germination of an undesired personality trait among the lot given that 25% of the Agniveers will stay back.”
- “The government should consider introducing a test of ‘psychology’ as part of the recruitment process.”
Examples and References:
- Mention of Agniveers’ positive feedback from units.
- Reference to S.L.A. Marshall’s observations on the importance of comradeship in war.
Critical Analysis:
- The article emphasizes the importance of the human element in military operations despite technological advancements.
- It highlights challenges in integrating new recruits into military units and maintaining unit cohesion.
Way Forward:
- Address challenges in integrating Agniveers into military units.
- Prioritize psychological assimilation and character development alongside technical training.
- Consider implementing a psychology test in the recruitment process for better assessment and management of recruits.
Overall, the article underscores the importance of balancing technological advancements with the enduring significance of individual character and unit cohesion in military operations. It calls for a strategic approach in integrating and nurturing new recruits to ensure effective combat readiness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASHA
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- ASHAs, or Accredited Social Health Activists, have emerged as pivotal figures in India’s public health landscape, embodying the promise of compassionate care and community advocacy.
Who are the ASHA workers?
- Inception: Established in 2002 in Chhattisgarh, ASHAs were envisioned as community health workers, modeled after the ‘Mitanins’, to bridge the gap between the health system and local populations. Initiated in 2005-06 as part of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM); Expanded to urban settings since 2013 via the National Urban Health Mission.
- Number: Around 10.4 lakhs employed across India. The highest numbers are in populous states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
- Geographical Distribution: One ASHA per 1,000 people in rural areas, adjusted to one per habitation in tribal, hilly, and desert regions.
- Global Recognition: Awarded by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013.
- Functions and Responsibilities: Register newborns, pregnant women, and deaths; accompany patients to health centers; distribute medicines; conduct immunization drives; and report health statistics.
Criteria for selection of ASHA worker:
- For Rural:
- The prospective candidate must be a married, widowed or divorced female resident of the village she’s applying to work at.
- Must be aged between 25 and 45 years.
- Candidates must be literate. Preference is given to those with a 10th pass certificate. There are several interviews at the Anganwadi, block and district levels. The health committees maintain a thorough selection process.
- For Urban:
- The prospective candidates must be female residents of vulnerable clusters or slums within an urban setup.
- This slum or cluster must be identified by the City or District Health Society as priority zones for ASHA healthcare workers. The candidate should preferably be married, widowed, separated or divorced.
- Must be aged between 25 and 45 years.
- Candidates must be literate and must have fluency in the native language of the community.
Challenges Faced by ASHAs
[1] Work Challenges
- Overwork and Underpayment: ASHAs endure a “triple shift,” balancing household responsibilities, community outreach, and health center duties, often without adequate compensation or rest.
- Systemic Inequities: ASHAs experience power imbalances along gender and caste lines, compounded by their status as “volunteers,” leading to economic, physical, and psychological vulnerabilities.
- Social Stigma: Despite their crucial role in improving health outcomes, ASHAs often face social stigma and discrimination within their communities, hindering their effectiveness and well-being.
[2] Occupational Hazards
- Physical Strain: Irregular meals, inadequate sleep, and exposure to extreme weather conditions contribute to health issues like malnutrition, anaemia, and non-communicable diseases among ASHAs.
- Mental Health Challenges: The demanding nature of their work and limited social support expose ASHAs to high levels of stress, anxiety, and burnout, affecting their overall well-being and job satisfaction.
- Safety Concerns: ASHAs, particularly those working in remote or conflict-affected areas, face risks of harassment, violence, and assault while performing their duties, highlighting the need for enhanced security measures and support systems.
[3] Social and Economic Implications
- Economic Precarity: ASHAs’ honorariums serve as primary family income, yet delays in payment and out-of-pocket expenses exacerbate financial strain, perpetuating cycles of poverty and dependence.
- Gendered Burden: ASHAs, predominantly women, often bear the brunt of caregiving responsibilities within their households, leading to gender disparities in workload distribution and access to resources.
- Empowerment and Agency: Despite facing numerous challenges, ASHAs demonstrate resilience and agency in advocating for their rights, mobilizing communities, and demanding policy reforms to improve their working conditions and livelihoods.
Advocacy and Policy Recommendations
- Recognition and Fair Compensation: Advocate for institutional recognition, fair wages, and improved working conditions for ASHAs, aiming for them to become government employees with access to social security benefits and maternity support.
- Capacity Building: Support initiatives aimed at enhancing ASHA skills, knowledge, and confidence through targeted training and skill development programs.
- Community Engagement: Encourage local communities to recognize and appreciate the contributions of ASHAs, fostering stronger support, trust, and collaboration.
- Safety Measures: Enhance safety protocols and support systems for ASHAs, especially those working in remote or conflict-affected areas, to minimize risks of harassment, violence, and assault.
- Address Systemic Barriers: Tackle gender and caste-based inequalities experienced by ASHAs, promoting equal opportunities and access to resources.
- Financial Security: Ensure timely payments and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for ASHAs, mitigating financial strain and perpetual cycles of poverty.
Conclusion
- The plight of ASHAs reflects broader structural injustices within India’s healthcare sector, underscoring the urgent need for policy reforms and systemic support.
- As frontline warriors in public health, ASHAs deserve equitable treatment, recognition, and protection, essential for advancing both individual well-being and community health outcomes.
- Through collective advocacy, empowerment, and solidarity, ASHAs can continue to drive positive change and make lasting contributions to public health in India.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ASHA, a trained community health worker?
- Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkups
- Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
- Providing information on nutrition and immunization
- Conducting the delivery of the baby
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 2 and 4 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INTERPOL
Mains level: Read the attached story
Why in the News?
Concerns arise over the misuse of Interpol notices, especially blue corner notices, raising issues about balancing police cooperation and preventing abuse of power.
About INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)
|
Details |
| Overview |
- Established in Vienna, Austria (1923), it enables cross-border police cooperation and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
- An inter-governmental organization comprising 195 member countries,
- Facilitates better coordination among police forces globally
|
| Functions |
- Enables member countries to share and access data on crimes and criminals
- Offers technical and operational support to member countries
- Manages 19 police databases containing information on crimes and criminals, accessible in real-time
- Provides investigative support, including forensics, analysis, and assistance in locating fugitives worldwide.
|
| Working |
- Run by a Secretary General
- Headquarters located in Lyon, France
- Global complex for innovation based in Singapore
- Several satellite offices in different regions.
|
| India’s Membership |
|
| Functioning in Member Countries |
- Each member country has a National Central Bureau (NCB), serving as the central point of contact for the general secretariat and other NCBs worldwide
- NCBs are typically managed by police officials and situated in the government ministry responsible for policing (e.g., MHA in India)
- Interpol’s databases contain various information, from names and fingerprints to stolen passports, accessible in real-time to member countries
- Provides investigative support to member countries, aiding in forensic analysis and locating fugitives globally.
|
What are Blue Corner Notice?
- Types of Notices: Interpol issues seven types of notices, including Blue Notice.
- Purpose: Blue corner notice, also known as an “enquiry notice,” facilitates sharing critical crime-related information, including criminal records verification and locating individuals.
- Example: In January 2020, Interpol issued a blue corner notice to locate fugitive Nithyananda, a self-styled godman.
Distinguishing Blue from Red Corner Notice
- Red Corner Notice: It is issued by a member state for the arrest of a wanted criminal, often following criminal convictions, allowing arrests in any member state.
- Difference: Blue notices precede criminal charges, while red notices typically follow convictions. Red notices enable arrests and other consequences like bank account closures, while blue notices facilitate information exchange.
Examples of Notice Issuance
- Red Corner Notice: In 2018, a red corner notice was issued against Nirav Modi for the Punjab National Bank scam.
- Interpol’s Decision: However, in October 2022, Interpol rejected India’s request for a red notice against Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, citing insufficient information and political dimensions.
Concerns of Misuse
- Political Misuse: Despite Interpol’s prohibition on political activities, concerns persist regarding its enforcement.
- Instances: Russia, China, Iran, Turkey, and Tunisia face accusations of abusing Interpol notices for political purposes.
- Criticism: While Interpol tightened oversight of red notices, vulnerabilities remain, especially with blue notices, which experts suggest are less scrutinized before publication.
Debates on Notice Issuance
- Turkey’s Argument: Countries like Turkey argue against excessive restraint in notice issuance, citing hampered police cooperation and sovereignty concerns.
- Global Response: International human rights groups call for stricter enforcement of Interpol’s rules to prevent authoritarian exploitation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various portals mentioned in the newscard
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Minister of Information and Broadcasting unveiled four groundbreaking portals poised to reshape India’s media landscape, promising efficiency, transparency, and accessibility.
[1] Press Sewa Portal:
- Objective: The Press Sewa Portal is designed to streamline the process of newspaper registration and related activities under the Press and Registration of Periodicals Act, 2023 (PRP Act, 2023).
- Key Features:
- Online Application: Publishers can submit applications for title registration online, utilizing Aadhar-based e-signatures for authentication.
- Probability Meter: Indicates the likelihood of title availability, offering publishers insight into the registration process.
- Real-time Tracking: Allows users to track the status of their applications through an intuitive dashboard, facilitating transparency and efficiency.
- District Magistrate Module: Enables District Magistrates to manage applications received from publishers in a centralized dashboard.
- Benefits of Automation: The portal offers online services for title registration, paperless processes with e-sign facilities, integration of a direct payment gateway, issuance of QR code-based digital certificates, and a module for Press Keepers/owners to provide online intimation about printing press activities.
- Impact: Simplifies the cumbersome registration procedures prevalent under the colonial PRB Act, 1867, and modernizes the registration landscape for publishers, enhancing efficiency and transparency.
[2] Transparent Empanelment Media Planning and eBilling System:
- Objective: This system aims to revolutionize media planning processes, enhance transparency, and provide an end-to-end ERP solution for the media industry, particularly for the Central Bureau of Communication (CBC).
- Key Features:
- Streamlined Empanelment Process: Offers an online system for empanelment of various media channels (newspapers, periodicals, TV, radio, and digital media), ensuring transparency and efficiency.
- Automated Media Planning: Enhances tools and features for online generation of media plans, reducing manual intervention and preparation time.
- Automated Billing: Integration of an eBilling processing system for seamless and transparent bill submission, verification, and payment.
- Mobile App: Provides a comprehensive mobile app for partners with timestamp and geo-tagging functionality for organized monitoring.
- Promoting Ease of Doing Business: Facilitates faster empanelment, a hassle-free business environment, automated compliance, and swifter payment processing, thereby enhancing the ease of doing business in the media industry.
- Reliable Solution: The portal is integrated with the latest technology to generate real-time analytical reports, enabling data-driven decisions and efficient media planning.
[3] NaViGate Bharat Portal:
- Objective: The NaViGate Bharat portal serves as the National Video Gateway of Bharat, offering a unified bilingual platform for hosting videos on government’s development initiatives and welfare-oriented measures.
- Key Features:
- Dedicated Pages: Offers dedicated pages for ministries, sectors, schemes, and campaigns, providing detailed descriptions and advanced search functionalities.
- Easy Navigation & Search: Provides easy access for users to find relevant videos through categorization, tagging, and advanced search functionalities.
- Seamless Video Playback & Streaming: Enables seamless video playback and streaming for a user-friendly viewing experience.
- Download & Sharing Options: Allows users to download and share videos through social media platforms, promoting widespread dissemination of information.
- Empowering Citizens: Empowers citizens by providing a single platform for accessing authentic government videos, fostering transparency, and promoting awareness about government initiatives.
- Comprehensive Coverage: Offers comprehensive coverage of government schemes, initiatives, and campaigns, ensuring that no one is left behind in understanding the initiatives shaping the nation’s future.
[4] National Register for LCOs:
- Objective: The National Register for Local Cable Operators (LCOs) aims to centralize the registration process for LCOs, bringing them under a centralized registration system.
- Key Features:
- Web Form: A web form is designed to collect information from local cable operators for the purpose of the National Register.
- Online Publication: The National Register for LCOs is published online and regularly updated, offering a more organized approach to cable sector registration.
- Impact: Promises a more organized cable sector with a National Registration Number for LCOs, facilitating the formulation of new policies for responsible service and convenience for cable operators.
- Aligning with Vision: The initiative aligns with India’s vision of a developed and organized cable sector, contributing to the countries overall development and welfare.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Paruveta Festival
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is spearheading efforts to secure UNESCO recognition for the annual ‘Paruveta’ Festival celebrated at the Sri Narasimha Swamy temple in Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh.
About Paruveta Festival
- The festival takes place at the Sri Narasimha Swamy temple in Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh, attracting devotees from diverse backgrounds.
- Celebrated by people of all castes, the festival fosters communal harmony, with devotees from various religious communities, including Muslims, offering prayers to Lord Narasimha.
- Folklore narrates that Lord Vishnu married Chenchulakshmi, a tribal girl, in Ahobilam, strengthening ties between the deity and the local Chenchu tribe.
- Unlike other temples where Paruveta rituals occur during Vijayadasami or Sankranti, at Ahobilam, the festival celebration spans a ‘mandala’ of 40 days.
- Rituals:
-
- The deity is ceremoniously taken to the 32 Chenchu tribal villages surrounding Ahobilam, signifying the community’s reverence.
- Chenchus demonstrate their protective devotion by symbolically aiming arrows at the deity’s palanquin.
- Chenchu devotees undertake ‘Narasimha Deeksha’, donning yellow robes and observing celibacy during the 40-day period.
- Temple staff reside in these hamlets, reflecting a historical casteless society devoid of untouchability.
UNESCO Criteria for Inclusion into the Cultural Heritage List:
- To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;
- To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over some time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;
- To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization that is living or which has disappeared;
- To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape that illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;
- To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land use, or sea use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
- To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);
Try this PYQ from CSP 2014:
Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?
a) Bhutia and Lepcha
b) Gond and Korku
c) lrula and Toda
d) Sahariya and Agariya
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guinea Worm Disease
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The imminent eradication of Guinea worm disease marks a major win for public health, showcasing the effectiveness of simple strategies in fighting diseases.
About Guinea Worm Disease
- Causes: Guinea worm disease, known since ancient times as the “fiery serpent,” is caused by the Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis), bringing painful blisters and severe symptoms to those affected.
- How It Spreads: People develop painful blisters, and when they come into contact with water, adult worms emerge, contaminating water sources and continuing the cycle of infection.
Symptoms and Impact
- Pain and Suffering: The disease causes intense pain, swelling, and ulcers, making it hard for people to go about their daily lives.
- Effects: Mostly affecting the legs and feet, Guinea worm disease worsens poverty and illness in areas where clean water and healthcare are scarce.
Success Story in India
- Beating the Disease: India successfully got rid of Guinea worm disease in the late 1990s by focusing on simple things like clean water and educating communities about health.
- Team Effort: India’s government, local health workers, and international partners worked together to achieve this victory.
Global Progress and Challenges
- Making Strides: Progress has been made globally, but challenges remain in places like Chad and the Central African Republic, where the disease is still a problem.
- New Hurdles: Finding Guinea worms in animals like dogs shows that the disease is tough and needs continued attention.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kiru Hydel Project
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The CBI has conducted searches at 12 locations in Delhi and Rajasthan regarding alleged corruption in the award of civil works worth ₹2,200 crore related to the Kiru hydroelectric power project.
About Kiru Hydel Project
- Location: Situated over the Chenab River near Patharnakki and Kiru villages in Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
- Capacity: A 624MW run-of-river project.
- Developers: Chenab Valley Power Projects (CVPP), a joint venture of National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC, 49%), Jammu & Kashmir State Power Development Corporation (JKSPDC, 49%), and Power Trading Corporation (PTC, 2%).
- Beneficiary States: J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Union territories of Chandigarh & Delhi.
- The Hydropower Plant consists of :
-
- 135m-high concrete gravity dam near Kiru.
- Catchment area of 10,225km², with a 6.5km-long and 1.03km² reservoir.
- 700m-long horse-shoe shaped diversion tunnel with two openings to divert river flow for dam construction.
Back2Basics: Run-of-the-River Hydroelectric Systems
- These systems harness energy from flowing water to generate electricity without the need for a large dam and reservoir, distinguishing them from conventional impoundment hydroelectric facilities.
- Run-of-the-river projects utilize the natural flow of rivers, diverting a portion of the water through turbines to generate electricity.
- This minimizes environmental impact compared to traditional dam projects.
- They have lower ecological disruption, reduced flood risk, and faster project implementation compared to conventional hydroelectric dams.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Three-finger toxin (3FTx)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc.) in Bengaluru have successfully created a synthetic human antibody capable of neutralizing potent neurotoxins found in the venom of highly toxic snakes.
Synthetic Antibody against Snake Venom
- Approach: The team utilized a method previously employed to screen antibodies against HIV and COVID-19 to synthesize the new venom-neutralizing antibody.
- Targeted Region: The developed antibody targets a conserved region within the core of a major toxin called the three-finger toxin (3FTx) present in elapid venom.
- Library of Antibodies: The team designed a library of artificial antibodies from humans displayed on yeast cell surfaces and screened them for binding to 3FTxs from different elapid snakes worldwide.
- Effective Binding: After rigorous screening, one antibody emerged capable of binding strongly to various 3FTxs, displaying effectiveness across different elapid species.
Challenges with Current Anti-venom
- Animal-Based Production: Existing anti-venom production involves injecting snake venom into equines and collecting antibodies from their blood, leading to therapeutically redundant antibodies due to exposure to various microorganisms.
- Efficacy Concerns: Research indicates that less than 10% of anti-venom contains antibodies specifically targeting snake venom toxins, raising concerns about efficacy.
Animal Model Testing
- Efficacy in Mice: Mice injected with a toxic 3FTx along with the antibody survived past the 24-hour observation window, while those given only the toxin succumbed within four hours.
- Versatility: The antibody showed effectiveness against the venom of different elapid species, including the monocled cobra and black mamba, with nearly 15 times the potency of conventional products.
- Delayed Administration: Crucially, administering the antibody after a time delay still successfully saved the mice, highlighting its potential for delayed treatment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Special Leave Petitions (SLPs)
Mains level: The establishment of regional benches of the Supreme Court in India
Why in the News?
Recently, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice informed the Lok Sabha that the Law Ministry has accepted its recommendation to establish regional benches of the Supreme Court across India.
About the Supreme Court:
- The Supreme Court of India has three jurisdictions under the Constitution: original, appellate, and advisory.
- The Supreme Court serves as a Constitutional Court as well as a Court of Appeal. The Court sits in benches of varying sizes, as determined by the Registry on the directions of the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
About SC Constitution Benches:
- Constitution Bench typically comprises of five, seven, or nine judges who deliberate on a specific issue related to constitutional law.
- Article 130 says that “the Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, from time to time, appoint.” It shows that the Supreme Court Rules give the Chief Justice of India the power to constitute Benches.
- Article 145(3) of the Constitution provides for the setting up of a Constitution Bench.
- Under Article 143, a minimum of five judges need to sit for deciding a case involving a “substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution”, or for hearing any reference, which deals with the power of the President to consult the Court.
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View of Supreme Court on setting of regional benches
- Recently, CJI D.Y. Chandrachud announced his intent to create Constitution Benches of varied strengths as a permanent feature of the Court.
- The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice had earlier noted that the demand for having regional benches of the Supreme Court is about ‘access to justice,’ which is a Fundamental Right under the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court previously has been continuously rejecting the idea.
- During 2019, former Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi supported the view, but minimal progress was made during his tenure. In contrast, during the 74-day tenure of former Chief Justice U.U. Lalit, 25 Constitution Bench matters were listed before five-judge benches.
Recommendations by the Law Commissions on the setting of regional benches:
- 10th Law Commission (95th Report), 1984: The Supreme Court of India should consist of two Divisions, namely (a) Constitutional Division, and (b) Legal Division”, and that “only matters of Constitutional law may be assigned to the proposed Constitutional Division”.
- 11th Law Commission (125th Report), 1988: Recommended for splitting the (Supreme) Court into two halves deserves to be implemented.
- 18th Law Commission (229th Report), 2009: Recommended that “a Constitution Bench be set up at Delhi to deal with constitutional and other allied issues”, and “four Cassation Benches be set up in the Northern region/zone at Delhi, the Southern region/zone at Chennai/Hyderabad, the Eastern region/zone at Kolkata and the Western region/zone at Mumbai to deal with all appellate work arising out of the orders/judgments of the High Courts of the particular region”.
Significance of Regional Benches in India:
- High Pendency of Cases: In the Supreme Court, a little more than 80,000 cases are currently pending adjudication out of which 60,000 cases are civil. This cannot be alleviated only through usual methods and is highly dependent upon the efforts and efficiency of the Chief Justice.
- Insufficient Case Disposal Rates: In 2023, the Supreme Court witnessed a 31% increase in the disposal of cases compared to 2022.
- However, such a disposal rate is negligible when compared to the total pendency of cases.
- Democratization of Justice: The setting up of regional benches would also lead to greater opportunities and the democratization of the Bar.
- For example, there was lots of opposition when the jurisdiction of the Tis Hazari Court was divided into different district courts. However, 10-15 years down the line, a vibrant District Bar in Saket, Rohini, and Karkardooma can be seen.
- Access to Justice for All: People are reluctant to accept arbitrary actions of the state and its agencies and are increasingly approaching courts of law. The outcome of such cases demands further adjudication by the Supreme Court. Also, it becomes difficult for people living in States far away from Delhi to agitate their cause.
- Importance of Litigant Presence: It is easy to say that the presence of a litigant is not required in appellate forums but the reality is that every litigant wishes to visit his lawyer and witness court proceedings involving his case.
- Boosting Judicial System with More Judges: The establishment of regional benches will increase the number of judges as well as lawyers resulting in a much-needed boost to our judicial system.
Challenges associated with regional benches:
- Status issues:
- Dilution of sacrosanct nature: Critics argue that the idea of setting up regional benches will lead to Balkanization of the Supreme Court and lessen the binding force of the decisions of the Supreme Court.
- Territorial Interference: India being diverse country, have emerging diverse views in judiciary too. Hence, the newly formed regional benches can create conflict of interest by interfering in the territorial jurisdiction of the HCs which may adversely affect our justice system.
- Implementation issues:
- Rectifying the imbalances: Major of the cases filed in Apex court, arise from nearby High Courts in north India, this imbalance cannot be rectified by using this solution.
- Frivolous Petitions: If Justice is that easily accessible considering geographical aspect, there is a possibility of numerous frivolous petitions being filed.
Way Forward:
- Need for Enhancing Judicial Infrastructure: Some broader judicial reforms are needed to address the systemic issues such as judicial backlog, delay in justice delivery, and judicial vacancies, which are crucial for improving the overall functioning of the legal system.
- Explore the use of technology, such as video conferencing and virtual courtrooms, to enhance access to justice and facilitate remote adjudication of cases, especially in remote or underserved areas.
- Need a balanced approach: The debate on regional benches for the Supreme Court involves considerations of accessibility, case management, and judicial efficiency. While proponents see it as vital for access, opponents emphasize potential drawbacks. Striking a balance necessitates thorough evaluation and careful implementation of reforms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: Strengthening defense ties and collaborative efforts in maritime security
Central Idea:
The article emphasizes the deepening partnership between the United Kingdom and India, highlighting their shared interests in maritime security, global trade, and defense cooperation. It underscores the importance of strategic relationships, particularly in the face of global challenges such as maritime threats and conflicts like the Ukraine crisis. The piece celebrates the growing ties between the two nations and their collaborative efforts towards peace, prosperity, and upholding the rules-based International Order.
Key Highlights:
- Mutual reliance on maritime trade and the significance of securing global sea routes.
- Collaboration in Operation Prosperity Guardian to protect commercial shipping in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
- Support for Ukraine against Russian aggression, including substantial military aid and ongoing assistance.
- Recognition of the Indo-Asia-Pacific region’s growing economic importance and the establishment of the U.K. tilt towards it.
- Strengthening defense ties between the UK and India, with increased military interactions, joint exercises, and defense industrial partnerships.
Key Challenges:
- Threats to maritime security, including aggression from groups like the Houthis and conflicts like the Ukraine crisis.
- Balancing national interests with international cooperation in addressing global challenges.
- Navigating geopolitical complexities and maintaining alliances amidst shifting power dynamics.
- Ensuring sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the face of global uncertainties.
Main Terms:
- Maritime security
- Global trade
- Defense partnership
- Operation Prosperity Guardian
- Indo-Asia-Pacific region
- Rules-based International Order
Important Phrases for mains answer writing:
- “The global lifelines of goods and resource”
- “Wanton violence and disregard for international law”
- “Strategies of isolationism or coercion”
- “Rules-based International Order”
- “Shared operational capabilities”
Quotes that can add value to to your arguments in mains answers:
- “Our nations need to secure, and make free from aggression and exploitation, the global lifelines of goods and resource that flow across the seas.”
- “The U.K., India, and the world have a common interest in ensuring this wanton violence and disregard for international law are not allowed to become normalised.”
- “The possibilities for global prosperity cannot be understated, and the importance of the Indo-Asia Pacific, not just to the United Kingdom, but to the world, has never been clearer.”
Anecdotes:
- Highlighting the successful efforts of Ukraine’s armed forces in resisting Russian aggression and reopening maritime corridors for grain exports.
- The positive reception of the UK Carrier Strike Group during its visit to India and the hospitality extended by Indian authorities.
Useful Statements for mains answer writing:
- “In this ever more unstable world, the U.K. is fortunate to have India as a good friend.”
- “History teaches us that strategies of isolationism or coercion have rarely produced strong coalitions.”
Examples and References:
- Mention of Operation Prosperity Guardian and the joint efforts to protect maritime trade routes.
- Ukraine’s resilience against Russian aggression and the support provided by the UK.
- Increased military interactions and defense collaborations between the UK and India.
Facts and Data for credibility in your answer:
- £2.5 billion in military aid provided by the UK to Ukraine in 2024-25, totaling almost £12 billion since 2022.
- Record numbers of UK ship visits to India and the deepening defense partnership between the two nations.
- The shift of the global economic center of gravity towards the Indo-Asia-Pacific region by 2050.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a comprehensive overview of the strategic partnership between the UK and India, emphasizing shared interests in maritime security, global trade, and defense cooperation. It effectively highlights the challenges posed by maritime threats and conflicts like the Ukraine crisis while advocating for continued international cooperation and upholding the rules-based International Order. The piece demonstrates the importance of strategic alliances in navigating global uncertainties and promoting peace and prosperity.
Way Forward:
- Strengthening defense ties and collaborative efforts in maritime security.
- Continued support for Ukraine and other nations facing security threats.
- Enhancing economic cooperation and leveraging the opportunities in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region.
- Advocating for the rules-based International Order and promoting stability through diplomatic engagement and multilateral cooperation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fali S Nariman and his notable cases
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Fali S. Nariman, an eminent jurist and Senior Advocate, left an indelible mark on India’s legal landscape over his illustrious 75-year career.
- Representing clients in a multitude of landmark cases, his contributions reshaped constitutional jurisprudence and safeguarded democratic principles.
Legacy in Indian Jurisprudence
- Legal Battle: Advocating before the Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (1981), Nariman challenged the interpretation of “consultation” in judicial appointments, emphasizing its binding nature to preserve judicial autonomy.
- Judicial Triumph: Nariman’s advocacy led to the establishment of the Supreme Court Collegium, ensuring transparent and independent judicial appointments, a landmark decision that endures to this day.
- Presidential Reference: Nariman contributed to the Supreme Court’s deliberations in Special Reference 1 (1998), facilitating a structured consultative process for judicial appointments, reinforcing the judiciary’s collective responsibility.
- Expanded Collegium: His efforts expanded the scope of judicial consultation, enhancing transparency and accountability in the appointment process.
- Challenging Executive Interference: In Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, Nariman vehemently opposed the National Judicial Appointment Commission Act, 2014, safeguarding judicial autonomy against executive overreach.
- Triumph for Collegium System: His advocacy contributed to the reinstatement of the collegium system, preserving the judiciary’s prerogative in judicial appointments.
- Constitutional Challenge: Nariman’s intervention in Golak Nath v. State of Punjab (1967) underscored Parliament’s limitations in amending fundamental rights, reinforcing the sanctity of constitutional provisions.
- Protecting Liberties: His advocacy upheld the inviolability of fundamental rights, ensuring the primacy of constitutional principles.
[5] Bhopal Gas Tragedy: Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India (1989)
- Navigating Tragedy: Nariman’s representation of Union Carbide in the aftermath of the Bhopal gas tragedy facilitated a landmark settlement, ensuring timely compensation for victims and environmental remediation.
[6] Safeguarding Minority Rights: TMA Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka
- Advocating Pluralism: Nariman’s involvement in TMA Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka underscored the constitutional protection of minority rights in education, fostering inclusivity and diversity in the educational landscape.
[7] Upholding Constitutional Norms: Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker
- Restoring Constitutional Order: Nariman’s intervention in Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker (2016) reaffirmed the constitutional mandate for gubernatorial action, preserving democratic governance and institutional integrity.
[8] Ensuring Legal Fairness: J. Jayalalithaa v. State of Tamil Nadu
- Securing Justice: Nariman’s successful bail plea for Jayalalithaa exemplified his commitment to due process, ensuring equitable legal treatment for all individuals before the law.
[9] Resolving Inter-State Disputes: State of Karnataka v. State of Tamil Nadu
- Navigating Complexities: Nariman’s representation in the Cauvery water dispute showcased his dedication to resolving interstate conflicts through legal avenues, contributing to the equitable allocation of vital natural resources.
Conclusion
- Fali S. Nariman’s illustrious legal career stands as a testament to his unwavering commitment to justice, constitutionalism, and the rule of law.
- His profound influence on Indian jurisprudence reverberates through landmark decisions and enduring legal principles, leaving an indelible mark on the nation’s legal landscape.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
What is the provision to safeguard the autonomy of the Supreme Court of India?
- While appointing the Supreme Court Judges, the President of India has to consult the Chief Justice of India.
- The Supreme Court Judges can be removed by the Chief Justice of India only.
- The salaries of the Judges are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India to which the legislative does not have to vote.
- All appointments of officers and staffs of the Supreme Court of India are made by the Government only after consulting the Chief Justice of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 3 only
- 3 and 4 only
- 4 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Raisina Dialogue
Mains level: Factors shaping India's foreign policy
Introduction
- The ninth edition of the Raisina Dialogue will be held from February 23 in New Delhi.
What is Raisina Dialogue?
- The Raisina Dialogue is an annual multilateral conference.
- The inaugural edition was held in March 2016.
- It is held in New Delhi, India.
- It is organized by the Observer Research Foundation (ORF) and held in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs of India.
- It is modelled after Singapore’s Shangri-La Dialogue.
- The dialogue brings together policymakers, experts, scholars, and leaders from various fields.
- It focuses on discussing geopolitical, economic, and strategic issues facing the world.
Theme of this year’s edition
- The theme of the 2024 edition is “Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create,” according to a press release by the Ministry of External Affairs.
- The participants will engage with each other over six “thematic pillars”:
- Tech Frontiers: Regulations & Realities;
- Peace with the Planet: Invest & Innovate;
- War & Peace: Armouries & Asymmetries;
- Decolonising Multilateralism: Institutions & Inclusion;
- Post 2030 Agenda: People & Progress; and
- Defending Democracy: Society & Sovereignty.
Why is it a significant event for India’s Foreign Policy?
- International Representation: Reflects India’s aspiration to play a leading role and make significant contributions globally.
- Platform for Engagement: Offers India avenues to engage with key regional and global issues.
- Advocacy for World Order: Demonstrates India’s commitment to a world order based on rules, inclusivity, and cooperation.
- Strengthening Global Image: Enhances India’s reputation as a responsible and resilient global partner.
Similar Dialogues around the World
- Shangri-La Dialogue: Security summit in Singapore organized by the IISS.
- Munich Security Conference: International conference in Germany focusing on security issues.
- Halifax International Security Forum: Forum in Canada addressing global security threats.
- Doha Forum: Dialogue platform in Qatar exploring global peace, security, and cooperation trends.
- Valdai Discussion Club: Russian think tank organizing annual meetings on global politics and economics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mundra Port
Mains level: IMEC
Introduction
- Amid ongoing attacks on Israel-linked ships by Yemen’s Houthi rebels in the Red Sea, Israeli Transport Minister Miri Regev has announced an alternative trade route via the Mundra port in Gujarat.
- The route aligns with the India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) project, aiming to link India to Europe via the Middle East.
Why discuss this?
- Houthi Attacks: Houthi rebels in Yemen have been targeting ships connected to Israel in solidarity with Gaza, leading to disruptions in global trade, with about 12% passing through the Red Sea.
- Industry Response: A recent industry agreement grants seafarers the right to refuse to sail through the Red Sea due to safety concerns, further highlighting the gravity of the situation.
New Route via Mundra Port
- Overview: Minister Regev outlined the new trade route in a video from the Mundra port. Goods will travel from Mundra to UAE ports, then proceed by land through Saudi Arabia and Jordan to Israel, primarily using trucks.
- Operational Details: Israeli company Trucknet and UAE’s PureTrans will operate the trucks transporting goods. This route bypasses the Red Sea, ensuring safer passage amidst escalating tensions.
About India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
|
Details |
| Corridors |
East Corridor: Connects India to the Arabian Gulf.
Northern Corridor: Connects the Gulf to Europe. |
| Infrastructure |
Railroad, Ship-to-Rail networks, and Road transport routes.
Includes an electricity cable, a hydrogen pipeline, and a high-speed data cable. |
| Signatories |
India, the US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, the European Union, Italy, France, and Germany. |
| Ports Connected |
India: Mundra (Gujarat), Kandla (Gujarat), Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (Navi Mumbai).
Middle East: Fujairah, Jebel Ali, and Abu Dhabi in the UAE, as well as Dammam and Ras Al Khair ports in Saudi Arabia. |
| Railway Route |
Connects Fujairah port (UAE) to Haifa port (Israel) via Saudi Arabia (Ghuwaifat and Haradh) and Jordan.
Israel: Haifa port.
Europe: Piraeus port in Greece, Messina in South Italy, and Marseille in France. |
Implications and Considerations
- Benefits: The land route promises reduced travel time and costs for Israel, while generating revenue for Saudi Arabia and Jordan through transport fees and duties.
- Challenges: Trucks have limited capacity compared to ships, potentially limiting trade volume. Additionally, the route’s viability hinges on stable diplomatic relations between Israel and the transit countries.
- Long-term Prospects: The route aligns with the India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) project, aiming to link India to Europe via the Middle East. However, the project’s progress may face hurdles due to ongoing conflicts.
Conclusion
- Israel’s initiative to establish an alternative trade route reflects its adaptability amidst regional challenges. While offering immediate relief from Red Sea disruptions, the long-term success of the route depends on diplomatic stability and infrastructure development in the transit countries.
- Despite its limitations, the new route underscores the importance of innovation and collaboration in navigating complex geopolitical scenarios, ensuring continuity in global trade operations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Helium Star, Neutron Star etc.
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Astronomers have triumphantly uncovered a rare class of stars, known as helium stars, after a decade-long quest.
- Led by Dr. Maria Drout from the University of Toronto, astronomers embarked on a collaborative mission to decipher the mysteries of these elusive cosmic entities
Helium Stars: An Overview
- Helium stars, also known as helium-burning stars, are a stage in the evolution of certain types of stars.
- These stars are typically more massive than the Sun and have exhausted the hydrogen fuel in their cores, leading to a contraction and subsequent heating of the core.
- As a result, helium fusion begins in the core, where helium nuclei fuse to form heavier elements such as carbon and oxygen.
- This fusion process releases energy, causing the star to expand and become more luminous.
- Helium stars represent an intermediate stage in stellar evolution between main-sequence stars and later stages such as red giants or supernovae.
Key Findings and Insights
- Spectral Analysis: Rigorous spectral analysis conducted from 2017 to 2024 unveiled distinct classes of helium stars based on hydrogen content, providing profound insights into their evolutionary trajectories.
- Computational Modeling: Advanced computational modelling techniques yielded crucial data on surface temperatures and gravitational forces, enriching our understanding of helium stars’ properties.
- Surface Conditions of Class 1 Stars: Further investigations into Class 1 helium stars revealed intriguing surface conditions. The team utilized computer modelling to determine surface temperature and gravity, finding them to be approximately 20 times hotter than the Sun and possessing surface gravity about 1,000 times stronger than Earth’s.
Significance of the Findings
- Hydrogen-Deficient Supernovae: A pivotal breakthrough in the discovery of helium stars was the elucidation of hydrogen-deficient supernovae, perplexing phenomena that puzzled scientists for decades.
- Binary-Star Interactions: Gravitational interactions within binary star systems played a crucial role in unmasking the helium-rich surfaces of these stellar anomalies.
Implications for Astrophysics
- Cosmic Laboratories: Helium stars serve as invaluable cosmic laboratories, offering unprecedented opportunities to explore the intricacies of stellar evolution and binary star dynamics.
- Frontiers of Research: Their discovery opens new frontiers in astrophysical research, unraveling mysteries surrounding heavy element formation and gravitational wave generation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 270, Article 280 (3)
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Several Opposition-ruled states, particularly from southern India, have voiced concerns over the present scheme of financial devolution, citing disparities in the allocation of tax revenue compared to their contributions.
- Understanding the concept of the divisible pool of taxes and the role of the Finance Commission (FC) is crucial in addressing these issues.
Divisible Pool of Taxes: Overview
- Constitutional Provision: Article 270 of the Constitution outlines the distribution of net tax proceeds between the Centre and the States.
- Share of taxes: Taxes shared include corporation tax, personal income tax, Central GST, and the Centre’s share of Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST), among others.
- Finance Commission’s Role: Article 280(3) (a) mandates FC, constituted every five years, recommends the division of taxes and grants-in-aid to States based on specific criteria.
- XVI FC: It consists of a chairman and members appointed by the President, with the 16th Finance Commission recently constituted under the chairmanship of Arvind Panagariya for the period 2026-31.
Basis for Allocation: Horizontal and Vertical Devolution
- Vertical Devolution: States receive a share of 41% from the divisible pool, as per the 15th FC’s recommendation.
- Key criteria for horizontal devolution: For horizontal devolution, FC suggested 12.5% weightage to demographic performance, 45% to income, 15% each to population and area, 10% to forest and ecology and 2.5% to tax and fiscal efforts.
- Income Distance: Reflects a state’s income relative to the state with the highest per capita income (Haryana), aiming to maintain equity among states.
- Population: Based on the 2011 Census, replacing the earlier 1971 Census for determining weightage.
- Forest and Ecology: Considers each state’s share of dense forest in the total forest cover.
- Demographic Performance: Rewards states for efforts in controlling population growth.
- Tax Effort: Rewards states with higher tax collection efficiency.
Challenges and Issues
- Exclusion of Cess and Surcharge: Around 23% of the Centre’s gross tax receipts come from cess and surcharge, which are not part of the divisible pool, leading to disparities in revenue sharing.
- Variation in State Contributions: Some states receive less than a rupee for every rupee they contribute to Central taxes, indicating disparities in revenue distribution.
- Reduced Share for Southern States: Southern states have witnessed a decline in their share of the divisible pool over successive FCs, affecting their fiscal autonomy.
Proposed Reforms
- Expansion of Divisible Pool: Including a portion of cess and surcharge in the divisible pool could enhance revenue sharing among states.
- Enhanced Weightage for Efficiency: Increasing the weightage for efficiency criteria in horizontal devolution, such as GST contribution, can promote equitable distribution.
- Greater State Participation in FC: Establishing a formal mechanism for state participation in the FC’s constitution and functioning, akin to the GST council, can ensure a more inclusive decision-making process.
Conclusion
- Addressing issues of financial devolution requires a collaborative approach between the Centre and the States, focusing on equitable distribution and fiscal federalism.
- Reforms in revenue-sharing mechanisms, along with enhanced state participation in decision-making bodies like the FC, are essential for promoting balanced development and resource allocation across the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Economics behind Indian Agriculture
Introduction
- Amidst the ongoing farmer protests, the demand for a legal assurance backing Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) has taken center stage, sparking debates and polarizing opinions.
- Delving into the intricacies of MSPs is crucial to grasp the gravity of this contentious issue.
Deciphering MSPs: A Primer
- Fundamental Concept: MSPs, or Minimum Support Prices, signify the price floor set by the government for various crops, serving as a safety net to safeguard farmers’ incomes.
- Ramifications: The significance of MSPs transcends mere agricultural economics, influencing farmers’ livelihoods, consumer prices, and even governmental budgetary allocations.
Backdrop of Farmer Protests
- Escalating Tensions: The introduction and subsequent repeal of three farm laws by the current Union government in 2020 have catalysed widespread farmer protests, drawing attention to the MSP debate.
- Polarized Discourse: The discourse surrounding farmer protests has veered into a realm of political polarization, overshadowing the substantive issues at hand.
Key Insights into India’s Agricultural Landscape
[1] Shift in Economic Dynamics
- Historical Perspective: Post-Independence, agriculture commanded a significant share of India’s workforce and economic output, with around 70% of the workforce engaged in the sector.
- Contemporary Scenario: Despite a decline in agriculture’s contribution to GDP, the proportion of the agricultural workforce remains relatively high, signaling a skewed economic paradigm. In 2011, approximately 6% of the workforce was engaged in agriculture.
[2] Transition in Farming Patterns
- Rising Labour Dependency: The shift from cultivators to agricultural laborers underscores the evolving nature of farming practices, reflecting growing challenges in sustaining agricultural livelihoods. In 1951, 72% of all farm workers were cultivators, whereas by 2011, this proportion decreased to 45%.
- Small Holdings and Indebtedness: Small and marginal landholdings coupled with high levels of indebtedness paint a grim picture of the financial vulnerability faced by Indian farmers. According to a 2019 survey, around 70% of all agricultural households have a land holding size of less than 1 hectare, and almost 50% are indebted.
[3] Income Disparities and Debt Burdens
- Regional Disparities: Regional variations in farm incomes and indebtedness highlight the multifaceted nature of agrarian distress. In 2019, the average monthly income per household was Rs 10,218, while 50% of all farm households were indebted.
- Terms of Trade Dynamics: Fluctuating terms of trade between farmers and non-farmers further exacerbate farmers’ financial woes, reflecting structural imbalances in the agricultural sector. The Terms of Trade (ToT) between farmers and non-farmers have remained stagnant or negative since 2010-11.
[4] Global Perspectives on Agricultural Support
- Comparative Analysis: India’s standing in terms of producer protection and agricultural support reveals stark disparities, challenging misconceptions about excessive financial assistance to Indian farmers.
- India is Lagging: India ranks last among the countries compared by the OECD on producer protection and lags in terms of the “total support estimate” (TSE) relative to other countries and regions.
Navigating the Complexities
- Beyond MSPs: While MSPs occupy a prominent position in the discourse, addressing India’s agricultural woes requires a holistic approach encompassing structural reforms, income augmentation, and infrastructural development.
- Long-standing Challenges: Structural deficiencies within the agricultural sector necessitate comprehensive interventions, transcending short-term fixes and political rhetoric.
Conclusion
- As India grapples with the intricacies of farmer protests and MSP demands, a nuanced understanding of agricultural dynamics is imperative to devise sustainable solutions.
- Addressing the root causes of agrarian distress demands concerted efforts aimed at bolstering farmers’ resilience, fostering equitable economic growth, and ushering in transformative reforms to ensure the viability of India’s agricultural ecosystem.
Try this question from CS Mains (2018)
What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP)? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low-income trap? [150 Words, 10 Marks]
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP)
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved ₹340/quintal as the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for sugar season 2024-25 at sugar recovery rate of 10.25%.
- This is about 8% higher than FRP of sugarcane for the current season 2023-24.
Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP): Explained
- Legal Framework: FRP is established under the Sugarcane Control Order, 1966.
- Minimum Payment: It denotes the minimum price obligated to be paid by sugar mills to farmers for their sugarcane produce.
- State Agreed Price (SAP): States have the authority to determine their SAP, typically higher than the FRP.
- The fixation of FRP considers various factors, including:
- Cost of sugarcane production,
- Return from alternative crops,
- Consumer sugar prices,
- Sale price of sugar,
- Sugarcane-to-sugar recovery rate,
- Income from by-products (e.g., molasses, bagasse),
- Adequate profit margins for sugarcane growers.
Determining Sugarcane Prices
- Central Determination: FRP is set by the Central Government based on recommendations from the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) and endorsed by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.
- State Role: States announce SAP, often surpassing the FRP.
Minimum Selling Price (MSP) for Sugar
- Market Dynamics: Sugar prices fluctuate based on market demand and supply.
- Introducing MSP: To safeguard farmers’ interests, MSP for sugar was introduced in 2018.
- Components Considered: MSP incorporates elements of FRP for sugarcane and the minimal conversion cost of efficient mills.
Basis of Price Determination
- Transition from SMP to FRP: In 2009-10, FRP replaced the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) of sugarcane.
- Consultative Process: The Central Government, in consultation with state authorities and sugar industry associations, determines the sugarcane price based on CACP recommendations.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:
Q. The Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane is approved by the:
(a) Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
(b) Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
(c) Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture
(d) Agricultural Produce Market Committee
Post your answers here.
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