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Smash Mains X-Factor Notes: Indian Polity and Governance, GS Paper II, revised for UPSC Mains 2026

Attempt PYQ Live, 2013 to 2026

Prelims and Mains Microthemes books: Prelims 2009–2025 and GS Mains 2013–2025

Smash Mains X-Factor Notes

Attempt PYQ Live 2013–2026

Prelims & Mains Microthemes

7th October

Science and Technology › Nobel Prizes

Nobel Prize in Physics: Francis Halzen found a new way to study neutrinos, the elusive particles that can reveal the mysteries of the cosmos, under Antarctic ice sheets

GS3 · GS3-17.Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.

7 Oct 2026

Explained
Science and Technology › Defence

DRDO’s flight trial of high-altitude platform successful

GS3 · GS3-16.Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

7 Oct 2026

DOMR Indigenous/Made in India
Science and Technology › Defence

First indigenous fleet support ship launched

GS3 · GS3-16.Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

7 Oct 2026

First/Record Indigenous/Made in India
Social Justice › Health

Break the chain

GS2 · GS2-13.Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

7 Oct 2026

Op-ed Schemes
International Relations › Energy Security

G7 to release 100 mn barrels of crude, oil products: Will this curb diesel prices?

GS2 · GS2-19.Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

7 Oct 2026

Explained IOCR
International Relations › Geo-politics affecting India's Interest

A war in Iran, an election in America, and the blurred lines between politics & conflict

GS2 · GS2-19.Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

7 Oct 2026

Op-ed
Polity › Non-Constitutional/Statutory Bodies

PCI operating at half strength, without a single working journalist or newspaper editor

GS2 · GS2-09.Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional Bodies(powers, functions and responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies

7 Oct 2026

Bills/Act/Laws DOMR
Polity › RPAxElectoral Reforms

Can Election Commission untie knots of its own making? That’s the question

GS2 · GS2-09.Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional Bodies(powers, functions and responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies

7 Oct 2026

DOMR Op-ed SC Judgements
Economics › Investment Funds

Small, medium enterprises get Rs 10,000 cr fund boost

GS3 · GS3-14.Investment models

7 Oct 2026

Schemes
Economics › Infrastructure Sector

Cabinet clears apex body to handle roads, rail, ports as one network

GS3 · GS3-13.Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc:

7 Oct 2026

DOMR
Economics › BoP,FDI,FPI,External Financing

Higher yields in US test India’s macro resilience

GS3 · GS3-01.Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.

7 Oct 2026

Op-ed
Economics › Digital Payments,Digital Infrastructure

Why charging for UPI changes the math

GS3 · GS3-01.Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.

7 Oct 2026

DOMR Op-ed
6th October

Economics › Demographic Dividend

The looming crisis of world unemployment

GS3 · GS3-01.Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.

6 Oct 2026

Op-ed
Polity › Judiciary

Appointment of Judges to High Courts and Supreme Court

GS2 · GS2-09.Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional Bodies(powers, functions and responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies

6 Oct 2026

PIB Prelims Only
Economics › Infrastructure Sector

Saving Time, Shortening Journeys

GS3 · GS3-13.Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc:

6 Oct 2026

PIB
International Relations › Bilateral Relations

India-Japan Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)

GS2 · GS2-18.Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

6 Oct 2026

PIB Prelims Only
International Relations › Bilateral Relations

India-UAE Joint Military Exercise MOUNTAIN GUARDIAN 2026

GS2 · GS2-18.Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

6 Oct 2026

PIB Prelims Only
Science and Technology › Nobel Prizes

Nobel Medicine Prize 2026: How scientists use light to control brain cells

GS3 · GS3-17.Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.

6 Oct 2026

Explained
Social Justice › Disabled

Disabled citizens and the future of AI

GS2 · GS2-10.Government Policies & Interventions for development of various sectors (issues in their design, implementation)

6 Oct 2026

Bills/Act/Laws Op-ed SC Judgements
Social Justice › Education

The problem is not just what history textbooks teach, but also what they don’t

GS2 · GS2-13.Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

6 Oct 2026

DOMR Op-ed
Geography › Water Management

From India to Global South, a Gujarat water-governance model

GS2 · GS2-10.Government Policies & Interventions for development of various sectors (issues in their design, implementation)

6 Oct 2026

Op-ed Schemes
Environment › Biodiversity

Bird islands

GS3 · GS3-18.Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.

6 Oct 2026

National Parks/WS Op-ed Species
International Relations › Bilateral Relations

India, Switzerland to strengthen ties in defence, nuclear energy sectors

GS2 · GS2-18.Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

6 Oct 2026

IOCR
International Relations › Conflict Zones/Areas of Interest broad-based

The limits of US’s West Asia strategy are showing

GS2 · GS2-19.Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

6 Oct 2026

Op-ed
International Relations › Indian Diaspora

In Germany, Indian migrants caught between politics, policy

GS2 · GS2-19.Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

6 Oct 2026

Op-ed
International Relations › Geo-politics affecting India's Interest

From calling for peace, Delhi is now working for it

GS2 · GS2-19.Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

6 Oct 2026

Op-ed
Polity › RPAxElectoral Reforms

Dozen Bengal Tribunal judges flag their EC portal: ‘Can’t serve notices, hold hearings or restore deleted voters’

GS2 · GS2-08.Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

6 Oct 2026

DOMR SC Judgements
Polity › Federalism

Why are States divided over the mining amendment?

GS2 · GS2-02.Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States; issues and challenges of federal structure;

6 Oct 2026

Bills/Act/Laws States
Polity › ParliamentxPrivileges

House privileges vs free speech: The question before Supreme Court

GS2 · GS2-06.Parliament and State Legislatures (structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges; issues therein)

6 Oct 2026

Explained SC Judgements
Polity › RPAxElectoral Reforms

ECI must not force voters to lie. Solution may lie in a Form 6X

GS2 · GS2-08.Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

6 Oct 2026

Bills/Act/Laws DOMR Op-ed
Polity › RPAxElectoral Reforms

The knock on the Supreme Court’s door

GS2 · GS2-09.Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional Bodies(powers, functions and responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies

6 Oct 2026

DOMR Op-ed
Economics › Infrastructure Sector

Only 9% use public transport to go to work

GS3 · GS3-13.Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc:

6 Oct 2026

DOMR First/Record
Economics › Infrastructure Sector

Coal stocks critically low as power demand rises in India

GS3 · GS3-13.Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc:

6 Oct 2026

DOMR

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